Different types of business information and their sources Essay

Written Written communication involves a selection of words, symbols, letters and numbers. Written communication is used at bmetc to make it possible for tutors to contact parents and students regarding the students’ progress in lessons and around the college; they do this by sending letters to the parents. A letter written to a parent of a student would have been created by a tutor, and then taken to the IT department, here they will check on the student’s attendance and also include this in the letter, and then, finally, it would be taken to the administration department of the campus in order to be sent home to the students’ parents/ guardians. These departments work together to ensure that the letter is sent to the correct address including the correct/ suitable information regarding the appropriate student. Bmetc also use written communication to give hand outs to students as part of their coursework equipment to enable the student to complete the given tasks. Inside the organisation, bmetc will also use written communication to record minutes during a meeting and also give notices to other members of staff regarding the meeting e.g. date and time of the meeting. Reports regarding students’ progress and attendance will be recorded every day throughout the period of 10 working days and will be recorded by a paper-based report. Invoices are given to students regarding the cost of trips that they may be taken on based on the subject that they are studying, the invoices will usually be computer – based but sometimes they are paper-based and written out to give to parents. Verbal Verbal communication is used every day in businesses and in general life. Verbal communication is used to communicate easily with various people in and around the organisation of bmetc. The main part of verbal communication is the face to face contact that takes place whilst using this type of information, commonly known as an easy way of communicating in face-to-face conferences like meetings. The advantage of using verbal communication is that you are able to read the opponents body language which sometimes makes it easier to understand. Verbal communication is used at commonly at bmetc when the tutors and parents of students may have meetings to discuss the student’s attendance and punctuality or other issues that may have been  raised in the college life of the student involved. The information that the tutor is telling the parent of the student is passed on by the student’s tutors to the student’s personal tutor. The idea of having a meeting with the students’ parents is raised with the management of the college (programme manager) who then calls the parent and asks them to a meeting inside of the college. On screen Information may be broadcasted on-screen. This can be displayed as a multimedia, on TV and CD-ROMs that mix text, graphics, animation, audio and video. This is a common way to broadcast important information relating to the students and staff throughout Bmetc. Information on screen is also displayed on the intranet for students to see when they log in to their accounts. The information that is displayed and broadcasted on – screen is created by staff in the IT department who gets the information from various departments including marketing and the college management. If a member of staff has something that they would like to broadcast to students via the on – screen method, e.g. The sports department may want to advertise new activities for the students to participate in, they would have to put together an advertisement and contact the IT department who would then transmit the advertisement on to the screens around the college. Multimedia Multimedia communication involves a selection of graphics, text, symbols and pictures. Using multimedia to convey a set of information can be interactive and also to enable students at Bmetc to have a wider imagination and understanding of the information that is being broadcasted. The students at Bmetc and have have access to their own account on the intranet, this means that they can access; E-mail, Moodle, information about enrolling on to different college courses and news about the college itself. The source of the college website comes from the IT department which allows tutors to put work on the website making it accessible. This means the connection is the IT department and the academic department. Competitive insight Competitive insight is done so that a business can investigate on what its rival businesses are doing to improve their business which will allow you to have new ideas and even have ways to improve it, this is done on screen. If  BMET was to do this they would look to see what new subject’s rival colleges such as Bourneville were coming up with and probably make them available within the college. Not only this but competitor colleges may have looked as government information talking about the lack of jobs and how the unemployment rate has shot up; and because of this the college may set up apprenticeships in order to give opportunities for more people which will also give the college a good name and make them more respectable. The source of information on rival competitors may come from the government who will also show a college table on how they feel colleges are ranked within the west midlands region allowing other colleges to know what is effect and works well. This information will be created by the college in what will possibly be a written report or as a presentation who then pass it on to somewhere to advertise such as a radio station that then produce this information to the general public making them aware of what the college is offering. The connection is between the H.R departments who will make the college itself aware of what will take place and then the administration department will send it off to the radio station.

Journal Entry for Stephen Crane’s, An Episode of War Essay

This short piece of American literature is a descriptive prose depicting a scene in the American Civil War. An unnamed lieutenant is wounded at his right arm while resting with the rest of his troops during an active battle. The story enables the readers to take part on the lieutenant’s perceptions on what is happening and how the battle was shaped and he is a participant or a victim of a battle unknown to him. The battle is fierce and tumultuous; it was able to take the innocent lives and anything on its way. All of this thinking happened while the lieutenant passed the line of the battle, while he was in search of the field hospital.  At the hospital, the wounded officer had a brief and unpleasant encounter with a surgeon who is rude and lied to him, saying that his arm will not be amputated. The story was able to envelop the soft and meek side of an army officer in a few lines of dialogue of having his right arm amputated. In the end, the lieutenant went along with the surgeon for a medical procedure but end up losing his arm. The army officer felt ashamed when he got home to his family and showing an empty sleeve. He was a victim of a war that could have been avoided and he will not have to lose his arm.

A Review Of Successful JIT Implementations Information Technology Essay

A Review Of Successful JIT Implementations Information Technology Essay Globalization has led to an enormous increase in competition in all segments. Manufacturing, Service, Banking etc. nobody is protected by it. So to gain an edge over your competitors companies are highly focused on improving their processes and systems to reduce the throughput time which subsequently leads to cost-savings. As Just-In-Time is a lean management principle, it definitely results in overall cost reduction. But even after the underlying benefits of implementing a methodology like JIT, there is still a certain amount of reluctance to adopt this philosophy due to various reasons like lack of understanding of the process, benefits associated with implementation, apprehensions to change from traditional methods of production to modern methods, adopting new technologies, capital expenditure and numerous other factors. Such events hamper the growth of the industries and the growth of the nation as well. What the firms fail to understand is that this is an adopted practice and m ay not produce the exact expected results. Moreover, it takes time to implement JIT because it demands an entire process reform. Even Toyota (inventor of JIT), took more than 20 years to get to the lean system, which the looks upto. With not quickly getting the results and incurring of some initial costs, firms often refrain from getting into the trial phase. The study highlights the major issues Supply Chain faces in India which makes the lean practices difficult and desired output are not obtained. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The study highlights a certain unfairness of the much idealized JIT philosophy if adopted blindly. Every concept behaves in a certain pattern in different scenarios. The main significance of the study is to find out the methods of the Risk Management in Supply Chain for smooth adoption and working of Lean management thus taking a leap ahead towards the successful implementation of JIT. The recommendations mentioned in the end are in context to the stories of Indian Firms but can be applied globally as India has made a mark on the International Globe. The study also highlights methods to overcome these failures related to implementation of JIT in India. REVIEW OF LITERATURE JUST IN TIME It is a manufacturing system with a goal to optimize processes and procedures by continuously pursuing waste reduction. The entire process was developed by Taiichi Ohno after the Second World War in competition to the American Automobile Industry. But the demand being less, the Japanese could not afford to order by EOQ & stock an inventory. So to keep the waste and operational cost to a minimum, Taiichi came up with the concept of Just-In-Time (JIT) where any item moves the production system on need. Systems were non-automated, there was no over-production and the time spent in waiting for parts and processing of order was now minimized. The inventories levels were reduced and so were the waste. When a car was selling at a particular selling price such that PRO FIT = (SELLING PRICE – COST) then cost leveling was the only option to raise profit levels. Also JIT got with itself cellular manufacturing when machines were clustered so that items move smoothly in the process. The workers were now trained to be multi-skilled to be able to work on more than one machine.

Ford Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ford Strategies - Research Paper Example It has executed WhereNet real time for placing the technology related to ‘Vehicle Inventory Management System (VIMS)’. This system has the capacity to assemble huge numbers of vehicles on daily basis. This advanced technology facilitates to locate cars within a fraction of second (AIM, 2007). The incorporation of VIMS for inventory management ensures lesser time and money for delivery chains. The latest technology is incorporated in the company with an intention to create the entire work flexible and within a short period of time. The managing of inventory through VIMS has become easier and also facilitated the drivers in their operations. The line workers could easily collect supplies of materials with the help of WhereNet RTLS. The workers in the assembly stations are reminded by a timer to find out which tags have been triggered and the time that has been passed in between the calls. The overstocking of components during changing in shifts is also detected by means of the technology (AIM, 2007). Ford Motor Company has developed the e-commerce strategy in order to be a consumer oriented business firm. With the new strategy, the company can reach wide range of customers by providing them with highly qualitative products as well as services. The e-business strategy will facilitate the company to connect with its customers and dealers at every point of time. The company introduced new websites so that the buyers and owners can access through it. The car-computer as well as communication services would bring safety, travel, and entertainment along with Web to the motorist. The PC (Personal Computer) was provided to the employees with an intention to be a global leader in case of technology with more numbers of customers (University of Virginia, 2000). The electronic connection has been developed between the customers and the company so as to allow the customers to get information about the products at all the time. By developing this

Management And Organizational Behaviour Assignment Essay

Management And Organizational Behaviour Assignment - Essay Example A successful leader is one who finds newer ways to find organizational success, influence his subordinates and help them perform their task to achieve the organizational goal. Steve Ballmer has recently introduced cloud computing and he has been very enthusiastic to speak about it to be a technological move to grab new marketing opportunities. Cloud computing has been designed and developed to enable businesses to communicate and do information processing in virtual system with no physical interaction with a computer (Katz, 2011). A leader is one who leads an organization, influences his people, introduces some thing new that is highly important for the success of the organization, brings new strategies to achieve targeted goals, incorporates people, process and technology to better manage the resources and make effective use of available resources for activating organizational success. In recent years, Steve Ballmer has been implementing different and effective strategies to lead th e organization and its people especially to help them get accustomed with the changing business contexts and overcome its complexities. Introducing new ideas and focusing on customer satisfaction were some of very different ideas that identifies the leadership qualities of Steve Ballmer. Jean-Philippe Courtois Jean-Philippe Courtois has been the CEO of Microsoft Europe, Middle East and Africa and the company promoted him to lead its international sales, marketing and other services as the President of Microsoft International and senior vice president of Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft.com, 2005). Jean-Philippe Courtois is the leader and top level manager to handle global sales of Microsoft, marketing and services of... This article stresses that employees like consistency in leadership and they are constantly looking for consistency in the leadership style of their leaders. If a leader adopts mixed leadership styles or he is adopting different leadership strategies at different times, his people will be confused and often they wont be able to get accustomed with the way their leader handles a particular circumstance. Normally, it takes time to a team to study the route and styles their leader follows for different situations. Different organizations have their own particular style of management and leadership. This paper makes a conclusion that leaders make change. Change brings opportunities and helps organizations achieve its goals like gaining sustainable competitive advantages. Both Steve Ballmer and Jean-Philippe Courtois have significant roles in the success of Microsoft especially in its recent years. Steve Ballmer, the CEO of Microsoft and Jean-Philippe Courtois, the president of Microsoft International are very successful leaders who have deeply influenced thousands of employees and other people in the organization. These two leaders were able to transform their vision to reality and therefore they are transformational leaders. They brought newer ideas, they developed visions, they conveyed proper messages to their people and they made change in the organization. They remained very constant with their leadership style and that has been another important element to their leadership success.

The board of Comvitea Ltd appears to be committed to principles of Essay

The board of Comvitea Ltd appears to be committed to principles of good corporate governance - Essay Example The company was established in the year 1970 and is situated in the Bay of Plenty in New Zealand. Comvita is learnt to be dedicated towards manufacturing innovative natural health care products (Comvita Limited and its subsidiaries, 2012). This discussion will attempt to gain a comprehension regarding the process of corporate governance in Comvita and the way the company manages and controls its governance aspect in relation to its business operations. Issue of Corporate Governance in New Zealand Corporate governance practices and guidelines in the business environment of New Zealand are provided utmost importance and strong emphasis. Effective corporate governance is considered to be quite necessary not only for companies operating in the public sector but is also deemed to be required for other corporate entities as well. There are certain attributes with regard to the economy of New Zealand (NZ) which represents a unique view in terms of the corporate governance debate. The facet of corporate governance of foreign countries is known to remain particularly concentrated in public listed companies but in NZ, majority of the business entities are learnt to basically focus on corporate governance for both public as well as private companies. ... The issues are: Ethical Conduct: This comprises the code of ethics, which a company adopts as a set of behavioral corporate guidelines Board Composition and Performance: This relates to the role of independent directors and the matter regarding a company’s certification Board Committees: It pertains to the composition of committee members within a company Reporting and Disclosure: It signifies the need of quarterly information for the purpose of certification of the financial statements Remuneration: It relates to the issues regarding fundamental pay scale reimbursement of directors and executives Risk Management: This aspect involves the disclosure of financial statements Auditors: This factor relates to the element of risk associated with the nature of objectivity prevailing between an auditor and client Shareholder Relation: This facet involves the relation between shareholder, company and public Stakeholder Interest: This entails the interest of the stakeholders Corporate Governance: Comvita The board as well as executives of Comvita is supposed to be dedicated towards the execution of the business functions ethically in order to maintain the effectual standard of corporate governance (Comvita Limited and its subsidiaries, 2012). The company i.e. Comvita constantly attempts to effectively and increasingly follow the effective practices of corporate governance for their business operations. The effective practice of guidelines recognised by the company with regard to its corporate governance related approach are the ‘New Zealand Exchange (NZX) Listing Rules’, NZX corporate governance ethical practice code and the NZ ‘Securities Commission’ Corporate Governance guidelines and practices (Comvita Limited and its subsidiaries, 2012). Principle 1: Ethical

Change Management Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Change Management Plan - Research Paper Example In 1987, the management of Samsung separated it into four major business groups, namely; the Hansol group, the CJ group, Shinsegae group, and the Samsung group. Ever the periods of 1990s, Samsung has increasingly diversified its business operations, particularly in the electronics sector (Bernstein Black Book, 2012). Samsung is one of the leading manufacturers of cell phones that operate under the brand name of Samsung. Samsung does not only produce cell phones, it also produces other electronics such as lap tops, and television sets. By 2012, Samsung was the leading information technology in the world, in terms of its revenues (Bernstein Black Book, 2012). In terms of the market, Samsung electronics is the fourth largest company, in terms of the market that the company controls. For Samsung to be one of the leading businesses in the electronics market, it has a policy of always taking care of the needs and interests of its employees. By doing this, Samsung believes that its employee s will be motivated to act in a manner that is beneficial to the company under consideration. For example, Samsung has a policy of always training its members of staff, on the various skills needed to carry out their duties (Bernstein Black Book, 2012). ... Samsung designed this system to analyze and monitor the performance and the capability of its employees in meeting the objectives of the company. It also analyzes the possibilities of growth for the employee under consideration. On this basis, this evaluation system is designed to gather data on the capabilities of an employee. However, in my own opinion, this evaluation system has a number of flaws, which the company needs to change, for purposes of improving the work performance of its various employees. For example, this evaluation system only takes place once in a year. This is very unacceptable, and it is because there is always a need to evaluate an employee on a constant basis (Mejia and Blankin, 2012). That is either weekly or monthly as this will motivate them in working hard and hence meeting the objectives of the company. Another flaw in this evaluation system is that it is the supervisors who are engaged in the evaluation process of an employee or their juniors. In my own opinion, this is unacceptable, and it is because senior employees might provide biased reports concerning a particular employee. To change on this, the management needs to develop an evaluation system that will incorporate all the employees in evaluating one another. For example, if the organization allows the colleagues of an employee to evaluate him, then they might provide some necessary information which might be useful to the organization in determining the capability of an employee. Bias is avoided by using this method, since managers will judge on the consistency of information presented the supervisor of an employee, the employee himself, and his colleagues at the work place. On this basis, the evaluation report will be reliable

Stat 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stat 2 - Assignment Example t decision making problems have multiple objectives that cannot be optimized simultaneously because of the conflicting nature of the objectives or goals. Goal programming is used to solve programming problems with several objective functions (goals) or constraints (Tanlamai, 2011). The linear problem below represents a goal programming problem, and also represents a non-linear programming problem whereby the program is defined by systems of equalities and inequalities (constraints) with real variables X1 and X2. Braaksma, A. J., Meesters, A. J., Klingenberg, W. W., & Hicks, C. C. (2012). A quantitative method for Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. International Journal Of Production Research, 50(23), 6904-6917. Lo, Q., & Chai, K. (2012). Quantitative analysis of quality management literature published in total quality management and business excellence (1996–2010). Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 23(5/6),

Chinas Speedy Development in the Past Three Decades Essay

Chinas Speedy Development in the Past Three Decades - Essay Example Domestic policies have seen China’s economic development rise and continue to grow, even as other large world economies experience negative or stagnant growth. These policies opened up China to foreign trade and investment leading to a fast-growing economy in the recent decades; moreover, the domestic policies supported industrialization and structural change stimulates growth. They aim at developing strong and sustained investments that are driven at the very low levels, thus empowering the poor and uplifting their financial status (United Nations, 2012 p. 39). Effective management and proper implementation of the laid down policy frameworks have lead achievement of substantial strides in the developing China’s economy. The formulation of domestic policies established reforms in various sectors of the economy such as agriculture, industry, trade and foreign investment, which has also seen economic growth and human development. Reforms in the agricultural sector alleviated extreme poverty and food shortages; food prices also fell as the agricultural income was on the rise. In the industrial sector, there was large-scale privatization of enterprises owned previously owned by the local government. This encouraged growth of the private sector, and increased their output and increased the revenue to the economy. Initially, China’s economy centrally controlled, vastly inefficient and isolated from the global economy but with reforms to policies on trade and foreign investments, the economy improved to achieve a steady growth rate each year (Sahoo et al, 2010 p. 3).

The League of Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The League of Nations - Essay Example War weariness is a common phenomenon, more so when the gains from such wars are intangible and far removed from domestic affairs. In the aftermath of prolonged periods of conflict, "war prevention assumes a high priority[and]the favoured technique is to institute measures of cooperation and consultationwith a view to preventing war"(Buzan 1983, 163). The League of Nations established in 1919 in the aftermath of World War I, was one such attempt to change the focus of war prevention from individual to collective security. For such an organization to be effective, it had perforce to have the backing of the major powers. Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and later Germany and Russia - all great powers in their own right - joined the League of Nations. The United Sates on the other hand, was the only major power not to join the League in spite of having been instrumental in creating it in the first place. According to Meg Harney, "While an excellent idea in theory, the League met with repeated problemssimply because nations had not adapted their foreign policy to change". The Senate Foreign Relations Committee was one such institution that could neither envision nor endorse this shift from a, 'balance of power' diplomacy to a new diplomacy giving greater weightage to collective security. This dichotomy i.e. ... onal requirements was highlighted by Robert Putnam in his 'two-level game' theory, and the failure of the United States to join the League of Nations could be analyzed in this context. To this end a brief overview of the theory would not be out of place to place in perspective the salient aspects of the theory, against the backdrop of the events leading to the formation of the League of Nations. The clash between President Wilson and the Senate over the formation of the League of Nations has been analyzed form many viewpoints. While some analysts see it as nothing more than the outcome of partisan politics, others view it as a clash of ideas between the 'internationalists' and the 'isolationists'. Though formally articulated only in 1988, the US failure to join the League of Nations can also be viewed through the lens of Putnam's 'two-level game' theory. It is a well-known fact that national leaders are simultaneously discharging their duties at two levels - the international level and the national level - with a dynamic interplay between the two. National leaders do not conceive of foreign policy in a domestic vacuum, nor domestic policies without considering the international ramifications. As far as foreign policy is concerned, they have to consider the interests of their domestic constituencies, balancing the 'costs' of implementing foreign policy initiatives against domestic imperatives such as national economy and social welfare. Thus, the right moves at one level (of the game) can affect the other level, ultimately impacting upon the deliberations at that level. An analogy could be that of a magnet held below a sheet of paper controlling the movement of a metallic token placed above the sheet. Keeping this in mind, Robert Putnam summarized the connections

Assessment in Special Education Essay Example for Free

Assessment in Special Education Essay Abstract Sometimes the general education program alone is not able to meet the needs of a child with disabilities, and he/she may be able to receive special education services. The evaluation process can be a very difficult task when trying to identify if the child qualifies for special education, schools often have a pre-referral intervention process. The most prominent approached used today is the â€Å"response-to-Intervention† or RTI. Special Education teachers face many challenges when trying to meet the needs of special needs students in their classrooms. Methods of evaluation are a big concern and challenge for educators of special needs students today. In addition, meeting everyone’s needs is a difficult task to accomplish because of students’ diverse abilities in the classroom. This research paper will explore the different methods of assessment in special education programs and the best practices to help this children achieve their potential in an appropriate setting. Testing and assessment is an ongoing process with children in special education programs. Some of these assessments include, developmental assessments, screening tests, individual intelligence tests, individual academic achievement tests, adaptive behavior scales, behavior rating scales, curriculum-based assessments, end-of-grade, end-of-course, and alternate assessments. Comprehensive assessment of individual students requires the use of multiple data sources. These sources may also include standardized tests, informal measures, observations, student self-reports, parent reports, and progress monitoring data from response-to-intervention (RTI) approaches (NJCLD, 2005). The main purpose of a comprehensive assessment in the special education field is to accurately identify the strengths and needs of the students to help them be successful during their school years and there after. Legislation has played a big role in the shift towards functional assessment. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is also known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act has played a big role in this matter. The IDEA legislation â€Å"needed to assure that students with disabilities receive free appropriate public education (FAPE) and the related services and support the need to achieve† (Jeffords 1). IDEA was created to make sure that disabled children are receiving fair and equal education and support. This act has several parts to it which include providing grants, funds early intervention services, and supports research and professional development programs. The No Child Left Behind Act: Impact on the Assessment of Special Education Student. After the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) moved into our schools there is a great deal of controversy that questions whether the act implemented by President George W. Bush is helping or hurting an already suffering school system. There are many dimensions of the NCLB act that have been questioned over the past decade; the fair assessment of students with disabilities is one of them. As the National Center for Fair Open Testing (NCFOT) reported, the public relations aspect of this act is strong. Prior to the Individuals with Disability Education Act of 1997 (IDEA) students in special education were exempt from participating in the statewide testing. However, the IDEA advocated that all students including those with special learning difficulties should be able to participate in testing. (Cahalan, 2003). Legislative Overview of Laws Protecting Special Education Students On January 8, 2002, President George W. Bush signed the NCLB act. In this act the federal government was for the first time in the history of the Department of Education putting an act into effect that would penalize schools that failed to meet adequate yearly progress (AYP). The AYP is a measuring system in which the federal government will look at the progress of the local government and school systems to decide whether or not that school, along with its teachers and students, has progressed and provided a high-quality education (Goldhaber, 2002). Through the NCLB act schools are held accountable for failing test scores and failure to improve their class average from one year to the next. The longer the school fails to meet required scores, the more the school will be held accountable, and the greater the consequence. For instance, a school that is unable to make their desired AYP and has not improved a significant amount within five years will then be subject to reconstruction. This reconstruction could include the government completely taking over the school and hiring new teachers and  teacher staff, leaving many teachers and staff unemployed (Goldhaber, 2002). Teachers and students in the special education department do have some laws however that helps them make testing less stressful. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 required that accommodations must be made for students with learning disabilities in order to be able to participate in the assessment (Cahalan, 2003). However, this leaves the question of what can be used as accommodations. Accommodations could include things such as test schedules and setting of the test, along with the format of the presentation. Also used to help the special education students and teachers is the individualized education plan (IEP). The Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act (IDEA) of 1991 would set into effect the idea of an IEP. An IEP is a plan that is set by a group of individuals that work closely with the student to design the educational format that is most appropriate for him/her (Cahalan, 2003). This does not take into account the type of disorder the student has but simply the student themselves. The individualized attention that is given with this plan provides the student with the correct instruction needed to be successful in education. These groups of individuals include the teacher, parent, school psychologist and anyone else that is closely related to the education of this student. The IEP members are, in most states, responsible in deciding which accommodations are important for each individual student (Cahalan, 2003). They, however, are not a part of deciding what accommodations will be provided for each student during the NCLB assessment. The laws described here were all implemented with the same goal in mind; to protect special education students and be sure their quality of education is the same as all other students. However some of these laws, including the NCLB, must be altered in order to truly give special needs students the education and assessment they deserve. Best Practices in Assessment of Special Education Students Students in special education programs should be included in the statewide assessments, as the IDEA of 1997 states. The IDEA also states that accommodations should be made to be sure that the student is able to fully understand the materials they are asked (Cahalan, 2003). There are four categories of test accommodations, presentation, response, timing, and  setting (Cahalan, 2003). Presentation is simply visual aids that help the student fully understand the context. These do not alter the questions of the test; they simply make it accessible for the students. Presentation accommodations include Braille, large-print, sign language interpreter, or reducing the number of questions per page (Cahalan, 2003). These simple accommodations make test taking less stressful, and therefore the material is better understandable by the student. However, no state has reported using them in their statewide assessments since the inception of the NCLB. In a study of over one thousand students it was found that using a video presentation to help understand the test showed a significant increase in their achievement (Cahalan, 2003). So why is the educational department not using these modifications that help so much? Another form of accommodation used in special education testing is response. It may be as simple as giving an oral response instead of a written one or it may mean that the test is dictated to the student by a recorder. These accommodations in no way alters the response that is given or received, it is still the same question being asked. Results have shown that by providing a reader special education students showed a significant improvement in their test score (Cahalan, 2003). The last two accommodations are setting and timing. The timing could include any extra time needed, breaks during the exam, or spreading the testing out through a few days instead of taking it all in one day. And the final accommodation is setting, which could include special furniture, lighting, or an individualized testing area (Cahalan, 2003). Even though there was no evidence to prove that setting and timing are important accommodations, it is well known that many special education students are tested in private rooms with more time. These accommodations should be accessible for special education students that need them to better their test taking skills. However, many states do not allow such accommodations to be made due to the misconceived conception that they change the contents of the test when in actuality they do not in any way alter the questions asked. BEST PRACTICES IN ASSESSMENT HANDOUT †¢Create a shared mission and goals statement that reflects an emphasis on student learning. †¢Focus on collaboration and teamwork. Faculty members must agree on assessment goals for planning to be meaningful. They may have to rise to a higher level of collaboration than may have been traditionally practiced in most departments. Collaboration within the department, across departments, and with higher administration will facilitate the best outcomes from assessment planning. All constituents must recognize that assessment skills must be developed and that colleagues can assist each other by sharing practices and strategies. †¢Clarify the purpose of assessment. Assessment can serve dual purposes: Assessment can promote student learning or provide evidence for accountability requirements through an evaluation of strengths and weaknesses. Wherever possible, students should experience a direct, positive benefit from their participation in assessment activities. †¢Identify clear, measurable, and developmental student learning †¢OUTCOMES. Explicit identification of learning expectations facilitates the departments coherence about their GOALS. Sharing those expectations explicitly with students can provide an effective learning scaffold on which students can build their experiences and render effective performance. †¢Use multiple MEASURES and sources consistent with resources. Effective assessment planning can only occur when properly supported with appropriate time, money, and recognition for good work. The expansiveness of the assessment plan will depend on those resources. As resources permit, additional MEASURES can be added to planning. These MEASURES address variations in learning style, differences in types of learning, and interests from varied stakeholders. †¢Implement continuous assessment with clear, manageable timelines. Better assessment practice involves spreading out assessment activity throughout the year and across years rather than conducting a marathon short-term assessment effort in a single year. Projecting a schedule of regular formal reviews can facilitate appropriate interim activity. †¢Help students succeed on assessment tasks. Students will fare best in assessment activities when faculty make expectations explicit, provide detailed instructions, and offer samples or models of successful performance. They will benefit most with opportunities to practice prior to assessment and when given detailed feedback about the quality of their performance. †¢Interpret and use assessment results appropriately. Assessment should be a stimulus for growth, renewal, and improvement, not an action that generates data to ensure positive outcomes. Linking funding to assessment outcomes may encourage artificial results. Assessment data should not be used for personnel decisions. If cross-institution comparisons are inevitable, care should be taken to ensure comparisons across comparable institutions (benchmarking). †¢Evaluate your assessment practices. Results from assessment activity should be evaluated to address their reliability, validity, and utility. Poor student performance can reflect limited learning or an ill-designed assessment process. Examining how effectively the assessment strategy meets departmental needs is a critical step in the evolution of the department plan. (Retrieved from www. caspercollege. edu/assessment/downloads/best_practices. pdf) The Effect of NCLB Assessments on Special Education Programs When the Department of Education was asked how they intend to insure that special education students will not be forced to take tests that are above their intelligence level under the NCLB act, they could not give a real solution. They simply said that there are accommodations available, and if the student’s disability is severe to the point that the accommodations will not help, there are alternate tests they can take (Education Week, 2003). However, the problem with this is that there is no clear definition as to who is able to receive these accommodations and who is able to receive the alternate assessment. Who decides this? And how handicapped must a student be in order to receive an alternate assessment? Even though special education students are not at the same intelligence level as their peers they are still placed in the same test group as them. The NCLB act does not include in its AYP percentage the failing percentage rate of special education students in each given population. Therefore, teachers and school administration are trying to make up for the percentage loss in special education departments. Some teachers are now, for the first time, being held accountable for failing test scores. This, in effect, causes teachers to alter their curriculum and teach to the test? (Goldhaber, 2002). By teaching to the test students are missing out on important curriculum information that may be overlooked completely or presented in short educational lecture in the middle of teaching test taking skills and other information that may be found on the assessments. Possible Improvement to the Assessment and Accountability. To improve the NCLB act we must first know what is wrong with the act. While the idea of leaving no child behind in education is a good plan, there are still a few loop holes that the president’s act needs to clear up. The students that are placed in the special education setting are usually there because they have a disability or are below average in their cognitive abilities. In order to be fair to these students the government must be sure that they have the same quality education as all other students, but the government must also realize that the curriculum of the material they are learning may in some cases be drastically different. With this knowledge, it must then be known that to accurately and fairly assess special education students the assessments must be built with the correct accommodations. In order for this to happen, those who design the tests must develop an exam that meets the needs of the student, and not the needs of the disorder. In other words, do not test a student as an autistic child but first look at their individual advantages and disadvantages according to each test taking skill. Some students may simply need more time, while others will need more time along with a person to read to them and interpret some larger word usage. It is all based on the student’s individual needs (Cahalan, 2003). In other words the decisions of the accommodations should be made by people that know the student on a personal level, and know what accommodations are present in their current education setting. As stated before, with some assessments the IEP will meet to determine what accommodations will be made for the students in that assessment, However, this is not the case in the NCLB assessments; but it should be. Those who are teaching and raising the child should be a part of the process of determining how the child is assessed and what accommodations are necessary (Washington, 2003). It is important for the education of future special education students that the Department of Education take into consideration the possible reforms that were suggested by many local government and teachers surrounding them. Improvements can be made to the assessment of special education, and should be made to be sure that all students are receiving a fair and adequate education. Disproportionate identification of minorities in some special education categories: When speaking of the learning disabled, minorities, one must consider some dimensions to the issue of assessment within a particularly specialized light. This special population reflects both the learning disabled (LD) and the minority that they belong to. This is largely the case within a practical context, although as the literature points out, pre-considerations must be afforded for minority students. To begin with, it is important to look at the many variables that exist within the aforementioned components. These components include English as a Second Language (ESL), socioeconomic level and finally the impact this has on teaching the learning disabled in a classroom setting and more specifically when employing the assistance of a translator. Curriculum-based assessment is hampered with some biases that can affect these students (Dolson, 1984). A childs race and ethnicity significantly influence the childs probability of being misidentified, misclassified, and inappropriately placed in special education programs. Research shows the relationship between race and ethnicity and other variables for students placement in special education classes. Variables such as language, poverty, assessment practices, systemic issues, and professional development opportunities for teachers have been cited as factors that play a role in disproportionate representation (emstac. org). Children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds should be able to receive an excellent and appropriate education. Some students are not included in special education programs, even though they have a disability that is affecting their ability to learn and they need special education help. Some CLD populations are also significantly under-represented in programs for the gifted and/or talented. In these instances, CLD groups are considered under-represented because the proportion of students from certain ethnic or racial groups who receive special services are significantly less than the number of these same students in the overall school population (U. S. Department of Education, 2004). Facts: †¢ Hispanics are under-identified within certain disability categories compared to their White peers (U. S. Department of Education, 2006). †¢ Asian/Pacific Islander students are actually less likely to be identified for special education services than other CLD populations (NABE, 2002). There are a number of possible action steps school personnel can take to ensure that individual assessments are conducted in a culturally responsive and nondiscriminatory manner (Klotz Canter 2006). Recommendations include: †¢Allowing more time. Assessments of students from diverse backgrounds require more time to gather important background information and allow for alternative and flexible procedures. †¢Gathering extensive background information. To provide a context for the evaluation, conduct a review of all available background information including: school attendance, family structure, household changes and moves, and medical, developmental, and educational histories. †¢Utilizing student progress monitoring data from Response-to-Intervention (RtI) or problem-solving processes. Data generated from a process that determines if the child responds to scientific evidence-based interventions should be included in a comprehensive evaluation. The National Research Council on Minority Representation in Special Education recommended the use of data from a systematic problem-solving process measuring the student’s response to high quality interventions (National Research Council, 2002, pp. 7-8). †¢Addressing the role of language. Determining the need for and conducting dual language assessments are essential steps in an evaluation process. This includes determining the student’s language history (i. e. , ages that the student spoke and heard various languages), dominance (i. e. , greatest language proficiency), and preference (i. e. , the language the student prefers to speak). †¢ Using nonverbal and alternative assessment strategies. When assessing students from CLD backgrounds, use standardized nonverbal cognitive and translated tests (when available in the target language). Additional assessment techniques, including curriculum-based assessments, test-teach-test strategies and in-direct sources of data, such as teacher and parent reports, portfolios, work samples, teacher/student checklists, informal interviews and observations, and classroom test scores are also helpful in completing an accurate, comprehensive evaluation (NEA, 2007). Bibliography Bush, President George W. (December 3, 2004). Bipartisan Special Education Reform Bill. Retrieved from http://www. ed. gov/news/newsletters/extracredit/ 2004/12/1203. html Cahalan, C. Morgan, D. L. (2003). Review of state policy for high stakes testing of students with disabilities on high school exit exams. Educational Testing Service. Department of Education. (2003). Title I ? Improving the Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged; Proposed Rule. (34 CFR Part 200). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. Dolson, David P. (1985). The Effect of Spanish Home Language Use on the Scholastic Performance of Hispanic Pupils. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, V. 6, No. 2,50. Fair Test. (2005). The National Center for Fair Open Testing. Retrieved from http://www. fairtest. org on October 12, 2011 Goldhaber, D. (2002). What might go wrong with the accountability measures of the? No Child Left Behind Act? The Urban Institute. IDEA Partnership. http://www. ideapartnership. org Klot z, M. B. Canter, A. (2006). Culturally Competent Assessment and Consultation. Retrieved October 2011 from: http://www.naspcenter. org/principals/Culturally%20Competent%20Assessment%20and%20Consultation%20NASSP. pdf. Improving accountability for limited English proficient and special education students under the No Child Left Behind Act. (2003). Washington Area School Study Council. National Association of School Psychology. (2007). The Truth in Labeling: Disproportionality Special Education. Retrieved from www. nea. org/books on October 15, 2011. National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. (2001a). Issues in learning disabilities: Assessment and diagnosis. In Collective perspectives on issues affecting learning disabilities (2nd ed. , pp. 55–61). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. (Original work published 1987) National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. (2005). Responsiveness to intervention and learning disabilities. Available from www. ldonline. org/njcld. National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. (2007). The documentation disconnect for students with learning disabilities: Improving access to postsecondary disability services. Available from www. ldonline. org/njcld National Center for Culturally Responsive Educational Systems. (Fall 2005). Cultural considerations and challenges in response-to-intervention models. An NCCRESt position statement. Retrieved October 2011 From http://www. nccrest. org/PDFs/rti. pdf? v_document_name=Culturally%20Responsive%20RTI. No educator left behind: Testing special education students. (2003). Retrieved October 15, 2011, from http://www. education-world. com/a_issues/NELB/NELB025. shtml Olson, L. (2004). Data show schools making progress on federal goals. Education Week, 24, 24-28. Retrieved from http://www. edweek. org Tomes, H. Ph. D. (2004). In public interest: Are we really leaving no child behind? American Psychologist, 35, 31-35. Retrieved from www. apa. org on October 15, 2011 U. S. Department of Education. (2004). Twenty-fourth annual report to Congress on the implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Washington, DC: Author.

Greek Mythology Views of Creation Essay Example for Free

Greek Mythology Views of Creation Essay The story of the creation of the universe has many different versions. In some cultures it is believed that the universe was created by the procreation of the Deathless Creatures. Other cultures believe that the creation of the universe resulted from a big bang in which all of the elements in the world gathered together to create a huge mass and then burst to create life. Lastly, and the most believed version, is that the creation of the universe came from a God who would create the world and everything in it. In the ancient cultures, the Greeks and Romans had many different versions of how the universe was created but most looked to the versions by Hesiod and Ovid. Hesiod was a famous oral poet in Ancient Greece. He is thought to have lived between 750 and 650 BC, but no one knows for sure. Along with Homer, Hesiod is believed to be the earliest of the Greek poets. But it is hard to prove which one had come first. Not only did his writings serve as entertainment, but they were also used in other aspects of Greek living. He taught them farming techniques and is believed to have been the first economist. Not only was he a businessman but he also was keen in astronomy and ancient time keeping. Hesiod is a very important man in Greek History and his early writings showcase his abilities. Theogony by Hesiod gives a Greek version of the creation of the universe. In this book, Hesiod describes how the entire universe was created from the Deathless Creature, Gaia. But he described that before Gaia came, the only thing that was in existence was Chaos. â€Å"In truth at first Chaos came to be† (Hesiod, Theogony 116). According to Theogony, Chaos suddenly rose out of nothing. Hesiod talks about how me might have been created from the area between Gaia, earth, and Tartarus, a massive pit in the earth below the underworld. After Chaos, Gaia was the next creature to be created. It was created as a place for the Gods and mortals to live in peace and harmony. With Gaia came the terrain of the world. The next Deathless Creature that came was Tartarus, a massive pit in the earth below the underworld. Ironically, Tartarus is where Zeus would banish all of the Deathless Creatures. What interested me is that the next Deathless Creature from Hesiod’s story of creation is Eros. Eros is the personification of love. I started to wonder how all of the other gods were created if there was no such thing as procreation at the time. And then I did some research and learned that before Eros the Gods were created through parthenogenesis. According to Webster’s Dictionary, Parthenogenesis is â€Å"development of an egg without fertilization†. This occurs when a male and female specimen is not needed to create an embryo. Just like the hammerhead or the blacktip shark, which can procreate without a male being. Eros changed the ways of the world with love. Chaos had many children, including Erebus and Nyx. Erebus and Nyx were born roughly around the same. Erebus was the male personification of the darkness while Nyx was the female personification of the night. Erebus and Nyx then went on to have children, Aether, the atmosphere and Hemera, the day. From Chaos came forth Erebus and black Night Nyx; of Night were born Aether being the bright upper atmosphere and Day Hemera, whom she conceived and bore from union with Erebus her brother (Hesiod 11. 116-138). The next lines in Theogony talk about Gaia giving birth to two children, Pontus and Uranus. All of the creatures represent something, this trend continues with Gaia’s children. Pontus represents the sea and Uranus represents the heavens. She created them so that she would be covered. Finally, after all of the deathless creatures were created, Gaia and Uranus came together to make the first real gods, which were known as the Titans. There were twelve Titans in all and are referred to as the second generation. The male Titans were: Oceanus, Hyperion, Coeus, Cronus, Crius, and Lapetus. The female Titans were: Mnemosyne, Tethys, Theia, Phoebe, Rhea, and Themis. Along with the twelve Titans, there were also three Cyclopes and three Hekatonkheires born. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Uranus was so disgusted by his children, the Hekatonkheires, that he banished them somewhere in Gaia. Gaia was so upset that she told her Titans to punish their father. The only one that was willing to do so was the youngest, Cronus. He castrated his father as revenge. From the castration many more creatures were born. For example, the furies were born from the blood that was spread all throughout the Earth and Aphrodite was born when Cronus threw the severed private parts into the Sea. The third and final Generation to be born from the deathless creatures was the children of Cronus and Rhea. It was prophesized to him that one of his children would over throw him. Cronus took preemptive measures and thought out an ingenious plan of swallowing his children after they were born. He had six children and one-by-one he would swallow them. His first-born child was named Hestia who was subsequently eaten. Soon to follow in her path were Demeter, Hera, Hades and Poseidon. Zeus was the last child to be born, but Rhea could not stand to see another one of her children eaten so she replaced him with a stone. The poem does not state how, but Cronus puked up the remaining five children and they all waged war on their father. Zeus would eventually win and become king. He would then do what many of the other gods had done and banish his father. He sent them all to the bottom of Tartarus where they would never be able to escape. Hesiod’s Theogony first starts off the creation process by bringing darkness, Chaos, and creating things from that. Then it gets into the procreation of the brothers and sisters, and mothers and sons. From that point, the Olympic gods mate with each other and mortal humans as well. This is one version of the Greek story of the Creation of the Universe. Ovid is a Roman poet and in his poem, Metamorphoses, it also speaks of the creation of the universe. In his poem, he splits up the human race into Four Ages: Gold, Silver, Bronze, and Iron Ages. They tell of different times in the universe’s history. At first, there is nothing. Then a god comes and organizes everything and puts it where it’s supposed to be. For example, he puts fire in the farthest part of the universe and so forth. Ovid then gives 3 stories of how mankind was created recreated. First, It then talks about how the god, Prometheus, created the human race as a replica of the God. Then Ovid talks about a war that goes on between the gods and the Giants. During that war the giants stack mountains on top of each other to reach Mount Olympus. But Zeus then knocks over the pile of mountains and all of the Giants are crushed under the rubble. Meanwhile, their blood seeps through the earth. From the blood, humans arose. The final form of creation that Ovid speaks of occurs after the flood. Zeus is upset with the Humans and wants to kill all of them. He sends a massive flood to the earth to wipe them all out. When he comes to a hill he sees two pious people and decided to let them live. The two survivors, Deucalion and Pyrrha, are the ones with recreate the human race. They take the mother bones and throw them over their shoulders. From each bone, a human would sprout up. In the Bible, the story of Genesis talks about the creation of the universe. It states the God created the universe in sex days and rested on the seventh. On each day God creates a different thing. The last thing he creates was the human race. He created them last and they were created as an image of God. According to the two poems and the chapter in the Bible, the story of the creation of the universe happened it three very different ways. In Hesiod’s version, the world and nature around it all came from Mother Earth, Gaia. And the human race came from the love that was spread by Aphrodite and Eros. In Ovid’s version, the world was a chaotic mess and it was an unknown god that restored order into the world. The bible is the only version to give a time of how long it took to create the world and everything in it. Even though there are many differences in the stories, there are also a lot of similarities as well One similarity that all of the accounts of creation hold are the human race was last to be created in all versions. Mankind came after everything in the world was created for them. Another similarity is that the humans were created as an image of God. Lastly, the final similarity that comes from all the versions is; the universe started off as nothing (pure darkness) and then a god came and began the process of creation. In conclusion, Hesiod’s version of creation takes about the promiscuous ways of the gods and titans. Their promiscuity is what created the world and everything in it. According to Ovid’s version, an unknown god created the world and everything in it and gives stories of how the humans were created and recreated. In the Book of Genesis, God created the world in seven days; as well as everything in it. All three versions of creation did have some differences in their stories, but in they all ended with the creation of mankind. Works Cited Hesiod, and Norman Oliver Brown. Theogony;. New York: Liberal Arts, 1953. Print. Hesiods Creation Myth. Women in Greek Myths. Web. 06 Dec. 2010. . Ovidius, and Mary M. Innes. The Metamorphoses of Ovid. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1985. Print. Separating, By. Xeno. ovid2. Larryavisbrown. Web. 06 Dec. 2010. . SparkNotes: Metamorphoses: Plot Overview. SparkNotes: Todays Most Popular Study Guides. Web. 06 Dec. 2010. . Theogony. Free Book Reviews | Book Summaries | Shvoong Summaries Reviews. Web. 06 Dec. 2010. . The Theogony of Hesiod. Internet Sacred Text Archive Home. Web. 06 Dec. 2010. .

Transmission Of A Tv Signal English Language Essay

Transmission Of A Tv Signal English Language Essay In electronics, many different types of carrier signals exists and due to the fact that this signals simply carry data intended for a different audience, which most of the times, are farther than the area of production of such signals. This gave rise to various modulation techniques to ensure effective transfer of these signals bearing information without loss of quality or degradation. This paper deals on how to modulate a Television (TV) signal using 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Keywords include: 16-QAM, TV Signals, Amplitude Modulation, Data, and Attenuation, baseband. 1.0 Introduction Everyday different types of signals transverse the air around us, most of which we cant feel or see, but we see their impact or influence everyday through different electronic gadgets we have or own personally. Most of these electronic gadgets are able to work as a result of them being able to receive a signal and they able to correctly interpret that signal and we in turn appreciate the devices. For the devices to correctly interpret these signals a kind of technique was used and this is known as Demodulation, this being that the devices are designed to receive this type of signals. The processes that led to being able to demodulate is what my focus is on; the process is known as modulation. Why modulation? This is due to the fact that not all intended users of a particular device or service reside close to the production station and also production signals called baseband signals cant travel much and would need a lot of power to transmit them over the air medium and this adds to the operating cost of the station and this is not acceptable. 2.0 Transmission medium for TV signal As with any kind of signal, the most important of that signal is to be received and decoded correctly, so that information encoded can be seen or viewed. The medium of passage of such signals is of consequence, because these helps to know the appropriate modulation to use and what, this information is tied to the channel coding, the advantages of the channel and the noise rate of that channel in consideration. For example, the transmission medium for sound received by the ears is usually air, sound can also travel through solids, liquids and plasma Electromagnetic waves have no need of any material substance for it to propagate but can be affected by the transmission media they pass through at the boundary between the media by absorption, reflection or refraction. Therefore, TV signals are like communicating data sent from one location to another which requires a pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels; two types of preferred media are: (a) Cable (twisted-pair wire, cable, and fibre-optic cable) and (b) broadcast (microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared). {Note:- Cable media use physical wires of cables to transmit data and information, while Twisted-pair wire and coaxial cables are made of copper, and fibre-optic cable is made of glass.} 2.1 BASEBAND SIGNAL The definition of a baseband signal is a signal that contains information, which may vary from audio signals, video signals, speech signal, image signal and many different other types depending on application and use. These signals cant move more than a few metres after production; for example, a speech signal; two persons can hear themselves clearly in close proximity to each other, as the distance between them increase, they start hearing faint messages or signals from each other and at a point, they cant hear each other again. Therefore for them to be heard no matter the distance between them there is need to modulate the speech signal generated by each person, so that each person can hear what the other person has said or is saying. A signal can be said to be an analogue data stream with which it varies with respect to space and time; with this property, each signal can be sampled, quantized, and transformed into digital data streams or packets. These processes it goes from being analogue to digital data streams or packet is called modulation. There are different modulation techniques used to carry different signals depending on the transmission medium and the condition inherent in that medium. 2.2 Modulation What is modulation? According to Margaret Rouse, modulation is the combination of signal to an electronic signal carrier, modulation is useful in direct current by turning it on and off to alternating current. Literally, modulation can be said to be a way of quicken the transfer of data or information through a medium. Transmission of sound through air has restricted degree of power generated by the lungs, to give the extent at which the voice can reach there is need to transmit it through a medium such as phone line, radio etc. therefore, the successful conversion of information in this case voice, to pass through a medium such as wire or radio waves is known as Modulation (www.complextoreal.com ). 2.3 TYPES OF MODULATION Modulation helps in many ways and it can be referred to as the process of transposing a signal wave onto a carrier wave in order to carry information. There are 3 three key properties of this carrier wave, which is a sinusoid wave with an amplitude, a phase and a frequency, these properties can be exploited to generate another kind of waveform to carry the intended information which is known referred to as a modulated signal. (www.encyclopediapro.com/mw/modulation) In most part of the world, frequency spectrum is expensive to waste and often its a national property, which means, to use it, the intending user has to be licensed and must follow a protocol process to have that frequency band assigned to him solely and given the channels parameters he can use. This is because, there are many different users competing for the same frequency band, due to the fact that the lower the frequency given, the lower the operating cost of using that frequency band. There are 2 broad class of modulation; they are the analogue modulation and the digital modulation. In analogue modulation, there is a continuous change in response to the signal to be modulated; this can be seen in Phase Modulation, Frequency Modulation, Amplitude Modulation, Single-Sideband Modulation, and Vestigial-sideband Modulation. In digital Modulation, there are changes in the signal position with respect to a starting position, while each position corresponds to a piece of information or symbol and can be represented on a constellation diagram. Examples include: Phase-Shift Key (PSK), Frequency-shift Key (FSK), Amplitude-shift Key (ASK), Minimum-shift Key (MSK), Gaussian minimum-shift Key (GMSK), Very minimum-shift Key (VMSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), this a combination of PSK and ASK. Continuous phase modulation  (CPM) and Trellis coded modulation  (TCM). (www.encyclopediapro.com/mw/modulation) For each of these types of modulation techniques, their phases, frequencies and amplitude are assigned a unique sequence of bits which corresponds to an equal number of bits and make up a symbol that represent that particular phase or code. 3.0 QAM The modulation of interest for the purpose of his paper is the QAM, or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, from research; it was noticed that QAM has both an analogue and digital modulation properties depending on how its to be applied. QAM is made up of two modulation scheme, namely the Amplitude-shift Keying which is achieved by modulating or changing the state of the amplitude of two carrier waves to carry two analogue message signal or two digital data streams. The other is the Phase-shift Keying, in which the sinusoidal waves are usually out of phase to each other and apart by 90o. When these two waveforms are combined, it results to Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (two different amplitudes two out of phase signals). QAM, this modulation technique is used to encode and transmit digital cable channels, while the simplest of the QAM techniques is the 16-QAM i.e. 24 phase points, this is able to carry 6MHz bandwidth regulated by the authoritys policy. The type of signal interested in is the signal generated from a video source, this type of signal consumes more than the set frequency of 6MHz, a typical video source signal is huge, so using 16- QAM techniques, it is possible to encode the signal onto the QAM carrier wave to carry it and pass through the 6MHz bandwidth limit and still be able to carry additional signals such as the voice signal component of the video signal. However there are different video formats such as the NTSC, PAL, MPEG; this video formats also help in reducing the size of video signal, hereby assisting the 16-QAM to effectively encode the signal without loss of quality and making it noise proof. Other variants of QAM includes 64, 256 phase variants, but as this phases size inc rease, so do they incorporate noise and mismatching often affect the performance of the receiver to be correctly tuned in to receive the sequence of bits sent over the medium. One of the uses of QAM is in the modulation of digital television systems, due to its high spectral efficiencies and the requirement of a cleaner path, and such hybrid fibre coaxial cables are used to deliver digital television signals to homes. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAM_tuner, 2012) In the United Kingdom, 2 variants of the QAM are being used, this are the 16 and 64 variants and they are used for digital terrestrial TV like Freeview by British Telecoms Top-Up TV, while for the 256-QAM, is being considered for the HD version of freeview which is delivered over high speed fibre optics links to homes across the country. Therefore, the makeup of QAM is shown via the figure below and the different modulation techniques it uses to modulate and encode its own signal and how it lead to the development of QAM. 3.0.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (Ask) According to N.Vlajic (2010), Ask is the modulation of digital data with changes in the amplitude of a carrier while both frequencies an d phase remain constant; carrier signal is varied by representing the binary with 0 and 1. Also in ASK, the mode of operation is to vary the amplitude of the carrier wave to carry a baseband signal, while the frequency and phase remain constant. Ask has two levels called binary bits of implementing its modulation process and it is often referred to as Binary Amplitude shift keying or on-off keying (B-ASK or OOK). Each binary bit corresponds to a symbol that represents an amplitude level. According to (Glover and Grant, 2004, chapter 11, page 391), they said that in B-ASK, the two digital levels can be one and zero, to represent the pulse of a sinusoidal carrier wave, although any one of the changing amplitude can be inferred to be one and the other zero and from this result, it describes why it also referred to as on-off keying sequence. This method of digital sequence of one and zero can be referred to a switch and was used to transmit Morse codes (Wikipedia) in the early 20th century. In recent times, additional amplitude levels has been developed for enhanced encoding schemes such as a 4 four level encoding scheme to take on two bits or 22with corresponding shift in amplitude, also there is an eight level scheme to represent 3 three bits or 23, and so on. This gives a reduced power required to transmit and hence advantageous to use. (Wikipedia-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying) A binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK) signal can be defined by S (t) = A m (t) cos 2pfct. For: (0 Implementation of ASK is relatively cheap and simple but its amplitude is usually affected by noise, distortion s and the propagation conditions on different route which makes the process more difficult. In ASK digital data is transmitted over an optical fiber. Figure 1. ASK signal representation. 3.0.2 Phase shift keying (PSK) Phase-shift keying (PSK) refers to a modulation scheme that is used to carry information by changing, or modulating, the phase of the carrier wave. PSK can still be defined as the modulation of digital data with amplitude at peak, frequency remain constant and phase with carrier signal varied to depict binary 0 or 1, with binary 0 = 180 degree phase and binary 1 = 0 degree.PSK is not sensitive to error and productively make use of bandwidth, so high data rate is possible but has more complex signal detection (N. Vlajic, 2010). This modulation scheme like the Amplitude shift Keying (or ASK) also uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. Each of the finite phases, is assigned a unique pattern of binary digits that forms a symbol. Phase shift keying comes in two forms, which are binary PSK (this uses two phases which are 180o apart) and Quadrature PSK (this uses four phases and the phases are 45o, -45o 135o and -135o). (Forouzan, 2013 pg 144) 3.0.2.1 Binary PSK In Binary PSK, it has only two signal element said suggested by Forouzan, 2013, pg 142; with each phase set at 0o and the other at 180o. The general form for BPSK follows this equation Sn (t). (wikipedia- H. Stern S. Mahmoud, Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004, p283) s_n(t) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t + pi(1-n )), n = 0,1. This yields two phases, 0 and à Ã¢â€š ¬. In the specific form, binary data is often conveyed with the following signals: s_0(t) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t + pi ) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t)For binary 0 s_1(t) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t) For binary 1 [where fc is frequency of the carrier-wave.] Also, the BER of a two signal BPSK in AWGN can be calculated as follows P_b = Qleft(sqrt{frac{2E_b}{N_0}}right) P_b = frac{1}{2} operatorname{erfc} left( sqrt{frac{E_b}{N_0}}right) 3.0.2.2 Quadrature PSK This sub part of psk is such that it uses two separate BPSK modulations to generate a QPSK modulation scheme; this is able to work due to each BPSK band as an in-phase carrier and the other out of phase carrier. The phases are different and the first point is located at 45o, then 135o, then -135o and lastly -45o, the amplitude stays constant at 2 ½. The bit stream is then split into two bit streams I (in-phase) and Q (Quadrature) .The bit stream in-phase (I) is called the even stream and quadrature(Q) is called Odd stream. (http://turboblogsite.com/quadrature-phase-shift-keying-qpsk-modulation.html) QPSK is used mostly to transfer digital data by varying the phases of the carrier signal, the 4 phase points tally with 4 points on a circle and can be so represented. The figure below shows the mapping of the 4 phase points. QPSK diagram showing how four different binary codes can be transmitted Fig: QPSK diagram showing how four different binary codes can be transmitted The list below gives some of the other commonly used forms of phase shift keying, PSK, they are O-QPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, 8 PSK 8 Point Phase Shift Keying, 16 PSK 16 Point Phase Shift Keying, QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 16 QAM 16 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and 64 QAM 64 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/what-is-psk-phase-shift-keying-tutorial.php) Figure 2. PSK signal diagram representation 3.1 QAM bits per symbol The advantage of using QAM is that it is a higher order form of modulation and as a result it is able to carry more bits of information per symbol. By selecting a higher order format of QAM, the data rate of a link can be increased. (http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/8qam-16qam-32qam-64qam-128qam-256qam.php) The table below gives a summary of the bit rates of different forms of QAM and PSK. Modulation Bits per symbol Symbol Rate BPSK 1 1 x bit rate QPSK 2 1/2 bit rate 8PSK 3 1/3 bit rate 16QAM 4 1/4 bit rate 32QAM 5 1/5 bit rate 64QAM 6 1/6 bit rate 3.1.1 Quantized QAM using constellation diagram In QAM, the constellation diagram plots are usually arranged in square formation with different spacing and this spacing point represent binary bits per symbol, this spacing point is in the power of 2s. The more the bits per symbol, the more it is to transfer more information over a given channel or medium. But as the bits increase, the points move closer and make the system susceptible to noise corruption, and this gives rise to a high BER ratio, making useless the information sent due to its high noise component. There are different bit positions for the constellation diagram, this diagrams show the different position of each symbol and the states of QAM, and the constellation diagrams for BSPK, 16 QAM. 32 QAM, 64 QAM. Therefore, the figures below show various constellation diagrams: http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-bpsk.gif http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-16qam.gif http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-32qam.gif http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-64qam.gif 3.1.2 QAM applications QAM is in many radio communications and data delivery applications. However some specific variants of QAM are used in some specific applications and standards. For domestic broadcast applications for example, 64 QAM and 256 QAM are often used in digital cable television and cable modem applications. In the UK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM are currently used for digital terrestrial television using DVB Digital Video Broadcasting. In the US, 64 QAM and 256 QAM are the mandated modulation schemes for digital cable as standardised by the SCTE in the standard ANSI/SCTE 07 2000. In addition to this, variants of QAM are also used for many wireless and cellular technology applications. 4.0 Conclusion In this review, it is clearly shown that Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation techniques that form Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) ensures effective transfer of TV signals In QAM different combination of amplitude and phase are used to achieve higher digital data rate, the number of bit transmitted per time T (sec) interval can be further increased by increasing the number of levels used References Behrouz A. Forouzan , Data communications and Networking H. Stern S. Mahmoud, Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004, p283) http://engineering.mq.edu.au/~cl/files_pdf/elec321/lect_mask.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying (Accessed 06 December 2012) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAM_tuner, 2012 (Accessed: 28 November 2012) http://turboblogsite.com/quadrature-phase-shift-keying-qpsk-modulation.html http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/8qam-16qam-32qam-64qam-128qam-256qam.php (Accessed 06 December 2012) http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/what-is-psk-phase-shift-keying-tutorial.php (Accessed 06 December 2012) Ian A. Glover and Peter M. Grant, Digital communications, second edition Intuitive Guide to Principle of Communication, www.complextoreal.com Margaret Rouse, July 2005 Merriam Webster N.Vlajic, Instructor, CSC 3213, fall 2010. Analog transmission of digital data (ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM) Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia (Accessed: 28 December 2012) www.encyclopediapro.com/mw/modulation (Accessed: 28 November 2012)

My Educational Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching Es

My Educational Philosophy "Let experience be your teacher. Let challenges be the test of life!" ~Unknown Education is an experience that without a doubt no one can avoid at least for a while. While this process should be positive sometimes it can seem more negative. People should not look back at their education and perceive it as a â€Å"bad† thing or a waste of time. Logically one would think that a person is entitled to their own opinion; however, the opinion of one’s education should never be portrayed as a negative one. Every teacher or educator, whether they realize it or not, has developed an educational philosophy probably starting at the time they became interested in the field of education. It is through this educational philosophy or goal that the classroom teacher prepares children for their future. The purpose of education as a whole is to prepare children intellectually, emotionally, socially, and physically for the world they are making a large portion of. As a child develops in these four major areas there are more requirements or minimal expectations set for the student. Today you it is very difficult for an adult to get a well paying job without the proper background in education. I hope that by becoming an educator I can help students acquire the â€Å"want† to get the necessary background to do whatever it is they so choose. I plan to teach all of these aspects in my classroom alone. I am an education major at the present time; however, I am not aware of exactly which content area I want to set my mind on for the rest of my life. If I had my choice, I would teach in elementary or middle school. This is because I want to feel as though I have the maximum impact on my students, and I feel children ... ...lusion, I have all intentions of impacting my students in a more than positive way. I want them to be comfortable enough with me to talk to me about their problems and concerns when it comes to education. I will focus not only one education of the intellectual self; instead, social, emotional, and physical skills will be further developed and strengthened. During my, what seems like never ending, many years of education, I have encountered teachers that were both effective and those who were not effective in the slightest. I have experienced teachers that I could talk to with my concerns about classes and those that I could not. When my students are grown and have lives of their own, I want them to be able to look back and feel as though they learned more than what they had to in my class. I want to be remembered as an â€Å"effective† teacher.

Animal Experimentation :: Ethical Issues, Persuasive

Animal experimentation is a controversial topic and may what to stop the use of animal in experiments. Experimenting with animals helps save human life but innocents animal pay the consequences. The "pro" and "con" positions on animal experimentation have proven suitable for stating extreme opinions, but unhelpful at exploring the broader ethical questions of animal based research (Wolff, 2009). Human and animals are very similar, for scientific is easy to use animals to find cures for humans decease. It difficult to scarified innocent animals but those animals help human to continue living. While there are multiple accusations of animal cruelty, few people actually witness the inner workings of a research lab and multiple regulations prevent animal cruelty, but animal research still continues to cause pain (Wolff, 2009). The use of animals in experiment is fundamental for human descendent. Many Humans are absolutely positive that scientific should experiment with animals to save humans life. Because there are so many similarities between human and animal physiology, experimentation has allowed scientists to discover new treatments for diseases and guarantee the safety of new drugs (Foundation for Biomedical Research, 2009). Experiment with animals is necessary because without the animals scientific are not able to find cure disease. Animal investigation has offered the source for several medical innovations, including vaccines, organ transplants, and pacemakers (Foundation for Biomedical Research, 2009). In this world are many diseases that did not have a cure but there are other diseases that have it and those cures were found with the help of the animals experimentations. â€Å"In 2006, infant mortality in the USA—a key indicator of the nation's health—was measured at fewer than seven deaths per 1,000 live births compared to 47 deaths per 1,000 live bi rths in 1940, much of this progress came from knowledge gained through animal research, many diseases that once killed millions of people every year are now either preventable, treatable or have been eradicated altogether, immunizations against polio, diphtheria, mumps, rubella and hepatitis have saved countless lives, and without animal research, these vaccines would not exist (Foundation for Biomedical Research, 2009).† Also, experiments on animals are necessary in order to safeguard and improve human health and well-being, and vaccines for diseases such as polio and malaria could not have been developed without animal testing, Cohen explains (Cohen, 2005). Animals are crucial for finding cure for those Children and adults that need an opportunity to continue living. â€Å"This true story, close to us in time and place, is widely known.

Comparing the Victorian Times of Great Expectations with Today Essays

Comparing the Victorian Times of Great Expectations with Today There are many things about the Victorian Age that are different from our way of life today. Evidence of this can be found in such elements of the 1800's as courting manners, child- rearing, transportation, housing and careers. The novel and film Great Expectations give many examples of the contrast of the present and the past. Victorians were a very class-conscious society. These days, just about anyone can manage to have fairly nice clothes, a decent car, a place to live, and reasonable job security. Not so in Victorian times. Great Expectations clearly illustrates the rich and poor extremes of the society. As a boy, Pip was seen as obviously poor by Estella, due to his calling knaves jacks, and having coarse hands and thick boots. She was disgusted even to be around him simply due to this fact. Pip simply couldn't afford many nice clothes because he was a blacksmith's son. The other end of the dress spectrum is shown by Pip's trip to the tailor later in the book. His money has all of a sudden made him an important man and he can have only the finest clothes. He spends much of the book walking around London decked out in suits and a top hat like he's better than everyone. While dress prejudices still exist in today's times, they are not as drastic as they seemed to be in the Victorian period. If you're looking to go to a bar and pick up a one-night stand, the 1800's are not the spot for you. Many marriages w...

Opposition to the break with Rome

In my opinion I feel that the views of B and C regarding the enforcement of the reformation differentiate reasonably. Source B suggests that the enforcement was made majorly rapid and describes a lot of the events to take place on the same day, all described as extreme and significant. The execution of Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent helped Henry show what the consequences may have been if more threatening action arose. Along with the execution of the Nun of Kent along with Friars Observants, monks and a secular priest was the highly significant treason act. This was a radical act which gave Henry exceeding power which only added to his enforcement over the reformation. As well as this came the propaganda campaign urging people to side with the Royal Supremacy. Over all B depicts the enforcement of the reformation to be obtrusive, vicious and swift. It is more or less illustrating Henry to have bombarded the public with executions, acts and oaths to make un till his support for the Royal Supremacy seemed strong enough, however from historical evidence this is far from the case. Source C on the other hand describes the enforcement of the reformation to be subtle and over a long period of time. It appears as though over the years it has slowly grown until it finally reached the status of a reformation. It explains that adjustments were made slowly and progressively as to not cause an up roar or major disturbance. This can be said true as the break with Rome lasted over such a long period and involved the activities of Henry gradually stretching the Pope's patience beginning with simple proposals yet building up to his separation with the English Church, his name being erased from the service books and all memory of him as head of the church being removed. The public â€Å"ate their reformation† as it was disguised in pleasant sweet wrappers. Through propaganda the piecemeal reformation was not seen as significant un till the enforcement was solid and there was no questions left to be made. This differs with the views o B in that B describes the reformation to be majorly rested upon â€Å"This day†. Hasty actions which led to the finalized reformation, the final break with Rome, unlike C where support was first gained and power was enforced, like a slow trickling tap it will eventually fill up the bath although it will go unheard and unnoticed. On a level the two sources are similar in that they still both reflect some resilience, and retaliation to the radical changes being enforced. Source B â€Å"God, if it be his pleasure, have mercy on their souls† suggests that there were people who were taking note of Henrys actions and acquiring an opposing view although their statuses did not allow them to disagree with the King publically. C, â€Å"the Conservative people of England would find a wholesale Reformation distasteful† also suggests that if the public would have been more conscious of Henrys full intentions, the laid back manner of the majority of the public would have been much less common. Both the sources seem to propose that the enforcement of the Reformation was purposeful, it was not only Henrys desire for a divorce, and the break with Rome was in Henrys full intentions. I think that although the two sources agree about the reaction to the reformation and the progressive build up of more radical, noticeable movements, they differ on how they deliver the enforcement of the reformation, B depicting it on quick ferocious accounts whereas C reflecting it more as a slow creeping hold over the public. B) I think that overall Henry and Cromwell were very successful in containing the opposition to the beak with Rome, there was very little opposition that actually raised itself and any major threats were dealt with effectively to conclude in Henry with the aid of Cromwell succeeding with the break with Rome. Source A agrees on the terms that Henry and Cromwell successfully obtained opposition. â€Å"I trust that the blessed King† shows the awareness of Henrys actions against the Catholic Pope however the source still supports Henrys â€Å"malice against the bishop of Rome† ad still describes the belief left in the King. This source implies opposition was successfully obtained as the source still shows full support towards Henry. The use of â€Å"bishop of Rome† instead of Pope also highlights the fact that this source sides with Henry and his path towards the break with Rome and the willingness of the source (and writer) to follow his lead. Source C also shows support towards the statement in question B. â€Å"The meal was more manageable† suggests that any opposition did not arise due to Henry and Cromwell's cleverly schemed tactics of feeding implications towards the break with Rome in â€Å"tiny morsels† so that no opposition took notice as there did not appear to be any radical or extreme movements being made which was also likely to of been disguised even more so by the aid of propaganda so highly favoured by Henry and Cromwell. This too diverted the public's attention away from the slowly growing reformation onto less offensive topics.

Facebook Hacking Essay

Hey Guys, This Is awesome Tutorial Written By Me And put down That This Is Not Any Type Of hedge Methods, This Is Real And Worked Method To turn off smellbook In Just Couple Of Minutes, In This pasquinade You Just Need common chord Friends In victims fib. If You Have This then(prenominal) You Can Easily Hake Your Victims Account. Facebook Is A Largest Community In This World, on that point atomic number 18 Billions Of Accounts In Facebook Community And thither Are Lack Or Accounts augment Day By Day, All muckle Talking And Sharing Their Personal Things In Facebook, Thats Why This Facebook HACKING In Born., M I Right Facebook Have some(prenominal) Vulnerability To nag Any Account merely It Is Not Easy To fornicatress Facebook Account, Mostly Facebook Have Vulnerability In Their Applications So People Mostly Hack Facebook Using This Vulnerabilities And There Are numerous Other Methods To Hack Facebook Account want Key loggers , Phishing, Forget password Trick, And numerous More. In This Methods Most Of All Peoples wasting disease Phishing Method To Hack Facebook Account But Now We Are Going To Hack Facebook Account With 3 Friends Method Which Is very Easy, present Below All locomote To Hack Facebook With Easy Method, tread 1 - Go To Any Browser And adequate to(p) Facebook. com And blackguard On Forget Password Without Writing Anything. footstep 2 - In Next window You Have To embark Victims Email Id Or Phone reckon. thence contact On Search. Step 3 - thusly You testament delay oneness windowpane wish well Below, In This Click On This Is My Account. Step 4 - In This Next Step They Will affect To Reset Password With Many Methods Like Victims Gmail, Yahoo position Address Or Victims Phone Number And ETC But assumet Worries We Dont Need This Information In This StepJust Click On No longer have irritate to these ? . Step 5 - Awww. . . Now Its Main Thing, If You Will Be Asked To study New Email Address, Where You Want To notice Password contact lens, So You Have one Email Account, Just Make One Fake Account Note- Dont Register This Email Id In Facebook. So Enter Email Address And Click On twist. Step 6 - This Is Second Level Of Facebook bail Which Called As A Security Question, Here Facebook Have Vulnerability, You Just Have To issue Wrong Answer Three Times, Then You Will Bypass This Security.Step 7 - In This Steps You Can limit Back To Your Facebook Account With Three Friends, So You Can See One Window Below, Click On Continue. Step 8 - aft(prenominal) Click On Continue You Will Be Asked For have Three Friends One By One. After Select Click On Submit. Step 9 - Now Facebook Will Send Secret Code To This Three Friends, So Collect This Code And Click On Password Reset This is express discrepancy Android Text to PDF convertor Page No. 2 Link Which You Got In Email.Thats All. . . There Are Some Problem You Have To Face With This Method Which Are Below, In Step 4 When You Click On No longer have ac cess to these ? , If Victim Hast Set Any Security Questions, Then You Cant hire Second Step, But You Will Be Ask For Real Email Id, oblige Out This. After Clicking I cannot entranceway My Email. You Will Be See One Window Like Below, down the stairs This Type Of Situation take different Method To Hack Facebook Or Choose Another Victim This is Demo Version

Physiological Adaption Fish Essay

Adaptation of tilt to Its surroundings BIO101 March 11,2013 Physiological Adaptation of Fish to Its purlieu All organisms around the world argon sparsely distributed depending on the environment that best shelled to their modes of survival. Organisms bear with adaption an evolutionary attend where they became surface-suited to a particular. The process of adaptation happens by dint of with(predicate) the natural selection, whereby nature selects those organisms that suit a certain habitat and sustain them for straight generation and ones that do not perish, hence the reputation of survival for the fittest.The surviving species pass the same comfortable features to their generation for their further survival after a progressive reproduction. Physiological adaptation of seek to their habitat depends on what the nature favors to suit them. Below is the instance of the external and internal features of a fish ( versed Salmon Anatomy Worksheet Key, 2011) Water bodies invol ve a diversity of conditions that enable fishes to adapt to their survival. The physiological adaptation of these animals varies to a particular habitat, and it relates to how their metabolism works to retort the changing environment.Fish metabolic activities seek to g either overn their be functions in any opportune adjustment of their environment and adapt to it. To control the body temperature, fishes abide physiological thermoregulation. The physiological and metabolic activities regulate the body temperature and maintain it by means of countercurrent modify system. The countercurrent ex deepen system is one where the tempestuous neckcloth in the blood vessels, as a result of muscular activities, passes along and gives up any(prenominal) heat to the blood in the adjacent blood vessels, which is flowing to the other parts of the body. This way fishes argon able to keep warm.Fish as well as have the survival tactics in areas where piss temperatures are on the point of f reezing all the course round like in the Antarctica region. In coiffe to overcome the darkness due to the ice over the water surface, fish have a change sensory system called mechanosensory lateral line, which enables them to sense the bm of other animal in their environment and allows them to feed. However, whatever fish subspecies normally live in the freshwater and in seawater depending on the environmental opportunities that affects their chances to rifle (WhyEvolutionIsTrue, 2012).fresh water fish have a utensil, which makes possible them to concentrate salinity within their bodies in the environment of salinity deficiency consequently, marine fish have the qualification to excrete excess salt in the hypertonic environment. The latter as well has chloride cell in their gills, which produce enzyme called gill Na+/K+ATPase that enables them to ride their plasma of excess salt build up when they drink seawater. The enzyme is applied to wield sodium out of their gills us ing the energy generated from the muscle.Freshwater fish have a physiological mechanism that allows them to concentrate salt and compensate their sanity environment. They win the ratio of the body and that of the surrounding by producing really dilute, copious urine to rid them of the excess water in their body while taking ions through their gills (Fish in Their Environments Habitats & Adaptation, 2010). Their adaptation favors their capability to adjust to the changing environment. The swordfish has a special middle muscle with a concentration of mitochondrion cells.The mitochondrion organelles perform the duty of breaking cumulus of food to obtain energy for normal eye movement and to provide heat for blood departure to the brain. The physiological system of fish also operates within a fluid environment despite the change its environment. Osmoregulation in fish aims to get a constant balance of uptake and loss of water and solutes through their excretory organs. Marine fish, for example, bony fishes, are hypo-osmotic to seawater respond to loosing water in their bodies by osmosis and prepare salt by diffusion and from the food they eat.They also take up chloride ions through their skin and gills to balance osmotic condition of their environment. In conclusion, fish, like all other animals, have their mode of adaptation to survive in their habitat regarding the circumstances that occur. They will keep on to reproduce passing those adaptations to their next generation. References Internal chromatic anatomy worksheet key. (2011, January 14). U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved from http//www. fws. ov/r5crc/salmon/workbook/homework_salmon_anatomy_internal_key. htm Fish in their environments Habitats & adaptation. (2010, March 3). Earthguide. Retrieved from http//earthguide. ucsd. edu/fishes/environment/environment_zones. hypertext markup language WhyEvolutionIsTrue. (2012, April 11). Parallel adaptation in fish very(prenominal) genes u sed over and over. Why Evolution Is True. Retrieved from http//whyevolutionistrue. wordpress. com/2012/04/11/parallel-adaptation-in-fish-same-genes-used-over-and-over/