Into the Wild Book Analysis

He wanted to escape the sick society he thought he was living in, liberated from judgment, control, parents and material excess. In order to complete his new life transformation Chris gave himself a new name, Alexander Superstar. It appeared as though he had created this alter ego to help him reach his destination, Alaska. During his odyssey everyone who came in contact with knew him by â€Å"Alex. † In Chris Mishandles Journey throughout America he came across people who helped him along the way.While hitchhiking up the cost on US Highway 101, Chris was kicked up by a couple, Jane and her boyfriend Bob. They traveled around the West selling knick-knack at flea markets and swap meets. Both grew very fond of him and provided him with shelter. Jane was very concern that a young man was in a dangerous world and when asked if his parents knew where he was, he was given no response. I believe Jane was genuinely concern because she had a son which she didn't know his whereabouts. I was unfortunate to experience the unknown when a love one goes missing. It's extremely emotionally draining.Your mind goes wild and ills with countless bad thoughts of what could or has happened. I was going crazy for my missing dog I can't imagine being unable to find a son. It saddened me that he never reached out to his parents. Throughout the story I was waiting for him to call at least his sister whom he was very closed to. I wasn't sure if he was rebelling and anger against his parents or he was Just selfish, inconsiderate, ungrateful, insensitive young man. While haltingly back up to the Baja, Chris was picked up by an eighty two year old man by the name of Ronald Franz.Mr.. Franz was a religious, lonely old man whose wife and only son were ripped away from him by a drunk driver. The old man was growing much attached to Chris, up to the point of wanting to adapt him as his grandson. The old man though that Chris was a lost soul and wanted to pursue him to get an education. To the old mans surprise, according to Mr.. Franz, Chris told him, â€Å"you don't need to worry about me. I have a college education. I'm not destitute. I'm living like this by choice. † Jon Krause, Into The Wild, page] Chrism's passion to go toAlaska and experience the wild meant more to Chris than commodities. Chris gave, what I thought was bad advice to Mr.. France. Chris believed that the core of a man spirit came from new experiences. Chris advised an eight two old man to sell his home and live on the road. The old man did Just that, he sold his home and lived In his truck park where Chris once lived. The old man waited for Chris to return for months Trot Alas Aka out to Nils surprise, a transit en palace up tool ml Tanat snarls Ana expired. The old man was much divested that at that moment he renounced his elisions beliefs.Mr.. Franz stated, â€Å"l decided I couldn't believe in a God who would let something that terrible happen to a boy like Alex. † , Jon Krause, Into The Wild, page] Once spring came around Chris decided continue his Journey to Alaska. In April 1992 Chris, not well equipped, headed down the Stampede Trail in Alaska. He began his odyssey with only ten pounds of rice, a . 22 rifle, a camera, several boxes of rifle rounds, and some reading material. He declined to take the most essential tools for survival in the wilderness; such as, a map and a compass.In the wild he got to spend time with nature, he ran with the wild horses, hunting for food, he was one with nature away from society. Chris, Just like one of his favorite writer Leo Tolstoy, abandons a life of comfort and privilege to wander among the underprivileged. In the wild he discovered himself and realized that happiness is only real when shared. After two months in the woods of Alaska, Chris felt satisfied with what he had accomplished and experienced he was ready to return to civilization. Unfortunately, Chris found himself trapped in the wild.His only exit was cross ing the Testimonial River Chris founded impossible crossing it. For a while Chris survived feeding on squires, birds and wild berries. According to Chris Journals on day 100 in the wild he was exited he had survived another day. He's food supply was extinct, as of result, he was dying of starvation. It's ironic that Chris was excited and all he though about going to Alaska and he was trapped and eventually reached his death. Poor Chris, I can't even imagine the mental and physical agony he suffered before he expired. Chris story was sad and heartbreaking.

Haiti History

Haiti has the distinction of being the first black independent republic, who only two centuries ago was the wealthiest country in the New World and represented more than a quarter of France's economy. Yet today Haiti has been called â€Å"un pays tite-en-bas† where about 80% if Haitians live in absolute poverty, and almost 1/3 of the population is ill or underweight. A long history of political oppression, soil erosion, lack of knowledge and population density of 618 people per square mile has caused modern Haiti to become the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. After almost 200 years of rule by a series of despotic emperors, eccentric kings, cruel dictators, powerless presidents and tyrannical generals Haiti is living in absolute poverty. Haiti has a GDP of less then $8 billion a year and the per capita income is less then $250 showing how poor Haiti truly is. When half a million slaves revolted against their colonial masters in 1804, Haiti became the first nation to abolish slavery. Haiti saw 22 heads of state in 72 years causing unrest and turmoil between the Haitian people. After four consecutive years of Haitian presidents being murdered or disposed, the United States sent marines to Haiti. When the Americans left in 1934, Haiti was again in turmoil, with frequent coups, revolutions, dictatorship, and street violence until the election of Franiois Duvalier in 1957. Duvaliers rule soon turned into one of repression and fear and he soon declared himself president-for-life in 1964. Following his death, his son Jean-Claude used the same violent methods of his father to keep control of Haiti. Read also History Quizzes Under his poor leadership, Haiti became one of the world's poorest countries. Most of Haiti's economic problems are the result of economic mismanagement and government corruption. Forests were cleared, which caused soil erosion, making the land dry and infertile. Farming employs nearly three-fifths of the workforce (see figure 1). The average salary is only $70 a month, and yet inflation tops 14% a year. The growing population has forced many small farmers to concentrate on growing food for themselves, making it impossible to have any income. Nearly 3/4 of the population of Haiti cooks with charcoal, cutting down so many trees that deforestation of the mountains is a major problem. Only about 4% of the land is forest, compared to 30% of US land (see figure 2 ; 3). Extreme weather conditions further threaten the land, with torrential rains during hurricane season racing down deforested mountains and destroying fields, roads and homes. This has caused a horrific impact on Haiti. Fewer then 13% have access to safe drinking water, and most Haitians struggle to find enough food to eat each day (it is estimated that Haiti produces only 40% of the food it needs). Although public education in Haiti is free, textbooks and other school materials are not, and as a result many children, especially those in rural areas (the 90% of Haitians that live in absolute poverty, also called peasants) cannot afford to go to school. It is estimated that about 90% of Haitians are illiterate. Even though legally, education is free and open to all, only about 30% of Haitian children ever begin school, and of the 30%, only 2% stay in school beyond the 5th grade. Many factors play into the lack of education in Haiti, such as education being mainly in French, even though Creole is the official language in Haiti, also after the fifth year students must pass a difficult examination, which is also in French, causing many students to not pass. The lack of proper teachers and inadequate supplies, as well as overcrowding in schools has made it difficult for Haitians to get an education. Haiti's misfortune has continued through the years with a series of natural disasters. Severe deforestation, leading to flooding and landslides, and a lack of proper emergency services and infrastructure has resulted in the storms causing the deaths of thousands of Haitians. In 2008, four separate hurricanes – Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike – in the space of 30 days led to the deaths of more than 800 people. About 60 per cent of the country's harvest were destroyed and entire cities were rendered desolate and uninhabitable. In January 2010, a devastating 7. 0 magnitude earthquake resulting in the deaths of thousands and the loss of many homes and buildings (see figure 5). Haiti is a country full of tragedy and despair. 380 000 Haitians were infected with HIV/AIDS by 2000 and the life expectancy has dropped to the early age of 53. Only 8 people out of every thousand have telephone service and less then 6% of people have access to electrical power. Yet a small portion of the country is not effected by the massive poverty, but instead live a life of luxury. 0. 5% of Haiti's population earns about 46% of the nations income, thus giving the rich more power causing even more corruption. Many organizations such as The Canadian Red Cross and Hope for Haiti are aiming to restore this once hopeful country. The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) was established on June 1 2004, and continues to help Haiti today. MINUSTAH peacekeepers help provide basic needs such as clean water to cholera affected towns, where close to 50, 000 cases have been reported. The UN has established an emergency response effort to bring relief to this stricken country, yet even with so much help, Haiti is still a country that has lost all its wealth and is now in great debt with the world.

Business Information Systems Design and Implementation

In the provided case scenario, it is observed that the management of August Online Technology has intended to conduct a financial analysis for the next eight years based on its i e, expenses and tax among others. There are several indicators to evaluate the future potential of the pany among which the ou e of net i e after tax can clearly depict the possible profitability in the near future. Analyzing the overall financial performance is the most essential practice that enables the pany to not only recognizes its own capability but also helps to pare its financial position with other rival panies as well as the external market requirements (Waghmode & Sawant, 2014). Goal seek analysis is considered to be the most essential practice through which the pany can have knowledge regarding the possible practices as per its financial abilities (Waghmode & Sawant, 2014). The following pictorial illustration (Figure 1) clearly depicts that the sales of the pany is expected to increase within the next eight years with the support of the product X. The annual revenue of the pany in the initial year is around $50,373,252, which is expected to increase up to $77,498,088 as shown in the below mentioned diagram. The estimated sales have been calculated based on the total unit sold in the previous years and average sales growth rate prises of $235,411 and 3.25%. The provided scenario describes that the pany has increased the overall sales every year as well as the price of the products are also increased by 3%. Thus, based on these elements, the sales of the next years have been calculated accordingly, which is found to be steadily increasing thereby representin g higher profitability for the pany. Considering the goal-seek analysis, there are certain elements on which the sales growth rate largely depends such as annual price growth, annual sales growth and the previous year’s sales. Now, in case the average of the annual sales growth rate gets decreased, the revenue or annual sales will also be reduced. For instance, in the Year 6 and Year 7 the pany failed to perform due to which the sale growth rate b e -2% and -3%. Therefore, the overall sales of the pany for Year 7 and Year 8 will be reduced from the estimated figure. The stated fact can be elaborated with the help of the following diagram (Figure 2), wherein it is clearly represented that the sales of Year 7 and Year 8 has been reduced due to the changes made in the average growth rate. Thus, based on the understanding obtained from the goal seek analysis, it can be r mended that the pany must require the maintainenance of its estimated growth rate as the minimum point to attain the target sales within the particular period. However, from the diagram (Figure 2), it has also been apparent that after reducing the average growth rate and price increase rate for two years, the pany sales still continues to increase in the Year 7, which reduces in the last year. From this instance, it can be assumed that the pany has high potential in the near future, as it has the capability to face financial loss without slowing down the sales growth. Based on the financial performance of the pany, it has been apparent that the pany can develop its revenue along with higher profitability even in this petitive market (Fridson & Alvarez, 2011). The following pictorial illustration (Figure 3) represents the overall financial projection value of the pany, which has steadily been increased with time and at the end of eight years the pany is expected to earn approximately $23,171,928. Concerning the expenses, advertising the product as shown in the above diagram (Figure 3), cost of web services, maintenance of the production or operation, rent of the corporate space, salaries to the involved workers, cost related to shipping the products to the end users and supply chain expenses are the estimated elements based on which the total expenses has been calculated. All the expenses apart from maintenance are calculated through particular percentages, which have been elaborated below: The net i e of the pany has been calculated based on all these expenses and the overall expected sales or the product during this particular period. The following diagram (Figure 4) depicts the projected net i e that the pany can attain from the product X, which has steadily been increased by the end of the Year 8. Thus, it is apparent that the pany can largely concentrate on maintaining the growth rate with the support of developed strategies and well-managed workforce, which will eventually help to provide the estimated ou e at the end of the period. Apart from this, it is also worth mentioning that the pany can easily enhance the target arena as it has higher financial capability, and can support to bear the possible loss due to new entrants (Fridson & Alvarez, 2011).   The August Online Technology has aimed to enhance the revenue for the product X with the support of new market trends such as internet. Based on the projected financial analysis, it can be stated that the pany has high potential in future, as the net i e is estimated to increase steadily over the period of time. Therefore, the pany can concentrate on enhancing the sales volume of the product by investing in marketing. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that online marketing has b e a huge medium for organizations in the present context, wherein through a particular platform the marketers can target the entire global arena (Fang & Zhou, 2012). The August Online Technology can also utilize the internet source to market the product X, which will help to make the huge numbers of customers aware of the product, thereby enhancing the overall sales volume. Nowadays, every age group of people prefers to use online sources for obtaining information regarding the products in terms of reviews and customers’ feedback. Therefore, with the support of the web designer or developer, the pany can create an online platform for placing the product in front of the target population. There are several services provided by the panies through online forum in the current market to retain the potential customers (Yannopoulos, 2011). However, parallel to creating a website, the August Online Technology also needs to maintain transparent munication with the customers. The pany can develop the website in such a manner through which the customers can provide their feedback or share their experience with the product. This can on one hand help the pany to improve the product quality, while on the other hand the customers can also get attracted due to this facility as they are also valued by the management in the decision making. On the other hand, web publishing is also considered to be another suitable activity to attract customers in this world of immense petition. Internet has b e a huge part of the daily life schedule of the individuals for which the marketers has also initiated to portray all the required information on the social media website (Fang & Zhou, 2012). Taking the reference from the stated fact, August Online Technology can also utilize web publishing as their promotional tool, wherein it will publish all the promotional activities through the pany website as well as other social media websites to make the customers aware regarding their new policies or offers. Security threat has b e the most crucial aspect, which is continuously increasing across the globe and has caused a serious concern for panies to ensure product privacy to the customers (Alabady, 2009). There are numerous threats in security risks or network attacks among which hacking majorly affects the privacy maintenance. Since the pany will be maintaining an online platform, it has huge security risks in terms of hacking. Due to the process of hacking, it is possible that the hackers will extract the required information from the pany website or the pany will not be able to control the website. Apart from this, other security risks include snooping and eavesdropping, which are regarded as the threat to accessing the pany secure data by any unauthorized person without the consent of the pany management (Padmavathi & Shanmugapriya, 2009). While developing online forum or maintaining the platform, August Online Technology needs to concentrate on such aspects to avoid network attack s and ensure security of products to the customers.   Alabady, S 2009, â€Å"Design and implementation of a network security model for cooperative network†, International Arab Journal of e-Technology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 26-36. Fang, X. & Zhou, Y 2012, â€Å"Internet-future business development focus†, American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, vol. 2, pp. 85-88. Fridson, M. S. & Alvarez F 2011, Financial statement analysis: A practitioner's guide, John Wiley & Sons, United States. Padmavathi, D.G. & Shanmugapriya, M 2009, â€Å"A survey of attacks, security mechanisms and challenges in wireless sensor networks†, International Journal of puter Science and Information Security, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-9. Waghmode, M. L. & Sawant, S. B 2014, â€Å"International journal of advance research in puter science and management studies†, International Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 419-423. Yannopoulos, P 2011, â€Å"Impact of the internet on marketing strategy formulation†, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 2, no. 18, pp. 1-7. Getting academic assistance from

Revise paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Revise - Term Paper Example According to Makarsssyus and Friedman (2005) cosmopolitan societies such as towns and cities have diverse populations since people from various cultural and ethnic backgrounds move to such areas in search of employment. In such societies, medical practitioners require understanding of various languages in order to safeguard the quality of the services they offer. In other disciplines of the practice such as psychiatry, the entire process of attending a patient relies on the quality of the communication between the providers and he patients. I serve as an intern at Chinatown Public Heath Centered located in the City of Sam Francisco, 1490 Mason Street, San Francisco, CA 94133. I work under (insert) and this has helped me in aligning my career interest by being able to serve a linguistically diverse population. My work here involves dealing with immigrants and this has reinforced to me the essence of Multilanguage mastery as a method to spearhead better healthcare services in such environments. As an intern in Chinatown Public Heath Centered, my roles include translating the medical materials of first Aid and CPR learning materials from Cantonese to Mandarin and also from Mandarin to Cantonese. My other roles include updating information on client and assisting the health department staff keep their database current. I also participate in making the learning materials available and useful to the delivery of the services in the centre. Literature has concerned itself with investigating the effects of bilingual knowledge on delivery of healthcare in multiethnic societies. For instance, the National Health and Medical Research Council (2009) investigated the way a physicians’ understanding of multiethnic culture and language affects the ability of such a doctor to deliver services. According to his study, it was found that in multiethnic societies, healthcare stuff who are able to integrate cultural understanding in their service were better able to serve their

Career Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Research - Essay Example Aside from regular record keeping, being the contact person with insurance companies, and preparing patients for an exam, the medical assistant can also be of minor help to the doctor during simple clinical procedures. The job requirements for a medical assistant is not as stringent as one might believe. It only requires a 2-year degree and some previous work experience in order to get started. It is said that there will be a tremendous job growth in the area according to the Bureau of Labot Statistics due to the increase in the number of doctors and practical nurses. Therefore, being a medical assistant can turn out to be lucrative career for those involved in it in the future. I am looking forward to discussing my application further with you at your most convenient time. You may contact me in through my mobile phone at 123456789 or via email at web@next.net. I will also make a follow up call to your company next Wednesday regarding my

Business Strategies for the Firm Tetra Pak Essay

Business Strategies for the Firm Tetra Pak - Essay Example Tetra Pak joined Global Forest and Trade Network (GFTN) which is an initiative of WWF with intent to manage the usage of wood fiber (Environmental leader). Later in 2005, Tetra Pak began another venture with WWF when it joined Climate Savers project that encourages the companies to reduce their greenhouse emissions. These two programs indicate Tetra Pak’s concerns on environmental safety as one of its main objectives. Through the Climate Savers program, the organization aims at achieving increased energy efficiency at production sites and finding renewable materials and energy. Tetra Pak believed that integrating energy efficiency with the purchase of green energy would assist the company to keep absolute energy consumption stable while reducing dreadful greenhouse emissions (Climate innovation case study). In order to meet the extra premium price of green energy, Tetra Pak plans to utilize savings from high energy efficiency. The relationship between Climate Savers and thereby WWF has assisted Tetra Pak to set a clear and definite internal target. By the end of 2006, the firm could bring proposed organizational changes into practice. Tetra Pak jointly operates with World Class Manufacturing (WCM) which focuses on regular improvements in cost, quality, lead time, flexibility, and customer service (Foodproductiondaily.com). In order to carry out these operations efficiently, the WCM cooperatively work with the Tetra Pak’s pillars (teams) which contain several areas such as cost, quality, focused improvement, maintenance, and safety. This area focused activities have aided the organization to increase its operational efficacy. As the part of the restructuring in strategic alignment, the factories at the Tetra Pak altered the energy efficiency operations. It is identified that this conversion process fundamentally differs from traditional approaches as it gives specific emphasis on implementing solutions for environment-related manufacturing problems. In short, the â€Å"pillar approach† enabled the Tetra Pak to efficiently deal with different types of manufacturing related issues that would seriously impinge on the environmental safety.

Magnetic nanowire arrays and their temperature stability Dissertation

Magnetic nanowire arrays and their temperature stability - Dissertation Example These nanowires are hexagonally arranged and highly ordered with wire to wire distances between 30 to 100 nm, wire diameters of 5 to 250 nm and lengths up to several ÃŽ ¼m depending on the preparation conditions. Ferromagnetic nanowires with diameters in the range of domain wall widths or even smaller are expected to behave as single domain particles. In the easiest case such nanowires can be interpreted as defect-free long ellipsoids with homogeneous magnetization and these represent model systems for the investigation of magnetic interactions because their magnetic properties are not obscured by difficult-to-control bulk domains. Within such nanowires the shape anisotropy, the magneto-crystalline anisotropy and – in the case of very fine nanowires (diameters about 5 nm) – the influence of the surface magnetism has to be considered. Depending on the distance between the nanowires the wires can be interpreted as magnetically isolated magnetic mono-domains or, in the case of arrays in alumina, as dipolar interacting mono-domains. For the understanding of the behavior of such arrays both theoretical and experimental investigations are essential. In the following we will just prese nt experimental results which demonstrate the basic magnetic properties.... Fig:- Hexagonally arranged Nanowire Arrays Ferromagnetic nanowires with diameters in the range of domain wall widths or even smaller are expected to behave as single domain particles. In the easiest case such nanowires can be interpreted as defect-free long ellipsoids with homogeneous magnetization and these represent model systems for the investigation of magnetic interactions because their magnetic properties are not obscured by difficult-to-control bulk domains. Within such nanowires the shape anisotropy, the magneto-crystalline anisotropy and – in the case of very fine nanowires (diameters about 5 nm) – the influence of the surface magnetism has to be considered. Depending on the distance between the nanowires the wires can be interpreted as magnetically isolated magnetic mono-domains or, in the case of arrays in alumina, as dipolar interacting mono-domains. For the understanding of the behavior of such arrays both theoretical and experimental investigations are ess ential. In the following we will just present experimental results which demonstrate the basic magnetic properties. Hysteresis loops of arrays of Co-nanowires in alumina with different diameters and roughly the same length with H parallel (II) and perpendicular (^) to the long wire axis. Aside from the scientific attitude such arrays of ferromagnetic nanostructures are of significant interest because of their possible application as ultrahigh-density magnetic recording media. The preparation of such systems is very cheap and fast compared to expensive and time consuming methods as microlithography and molecular beam epitaxy. In addition the diameter, interwire

Effect of Gender Imbalance on Women's Status in the Colonail Period in Essay

Effect of Gender Imbalance on Women's Status in the Colonail Period in New France - Essay Example It is no different in the history of women’s status in Canada or ‘New France’. Gender imbalance in the colonial times put women in an ambivalent position of being valued as well as rejected if they do not come up to men’s expectations. This paper drew much information from cases published from the colonial era as primary sources as well as the works of Peter N. Moogk, Sylvia Van Kirk and Saliha Belmessous, historians who chronicled the culture of New France in Canada during the colonial times as secondary sources. It focused on how the gender imbalance at that time affected the status of women. During the colonial period in what has come to be known as New France, gender balance was askew in terms of number, as it was recounted by Belmessous1 that only 1,772 women emigrated to Canada as compared to 12,621 men, between the years 1608 and 1699. This sexual imbalance continued on till the end of the century. It is due to this lack of women that French colonial officers encouraged native Amerindian women to join the convent for their education to form them into proper ladies and be married off to French settlers instead of native men. It also implied that the convent-bred women had a great influence on the French men to be more cultured. Van Kirk2 explained that intermarriages, also known as â€Å"miscegenation† between French colonizers and the native Amerindians failed because of differing motives of the two cultures. The French Jesuits who encouraged native women to join the Ursuline convent admitted that they wanted the native women to be indoctrinated with their culture. One Jesuit offered that the intermarriage’s purposes were: â€Å"to make them like us, to give them the knowledge of the true God, . . . and that the marriages . . . were to be stable and perpetual.†3 This meant that native women should be Christianized and introduced to a gender-role that included spinning, sewing, knitting, taking care of anima ls, etc. that made them acceptable to their French mates. Native Huron chiefs believed the idea of intermarriage was favourable to them because the French traders make good Hurons, but questioned the French officials about bride price and their women’s right to property and divorce which were part and parcel of their own culture.4 These chiefs were made to understand that the native women would benefit much from such marriages through the teachings of the Ursuline nuns. However, only a small number of the native women were transformed and not many were interested in being successfully converted, so they were not considered acceptable as â€Å"founding mothers of New France† 5. The reverse of Native men â€Å"marrying out† to French women were looked down upon, as it was considered marrying beneath themselves. This is because a woman who married into an Indian tribe became an Indian herself and renounced her original culture. On the other hand, an Indian woman wh o married a foreigner legally ceased to be an Indian, losing all her rights to Indian status as well as her children.6 Thus, by the mid-nineteenth century, intermarriage became a usual practice of colonization and became a way of removing Aboriginal/Indian women from their own native cultures. Governor Vaudreuil7 justified his hostility against the intermarriage of French men and Amerindian women in saying that it divided the French men as they were integrated into their Amerindian wives’ clans. There was a great possibility that such action involved intertribal feuds and could have pitted the French

Mark Zuckerberg as an Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mark Zuckerberg as an Entrepreneur - Essay Example 54). Individuals who add value to themselves by swindles or other socially distasteful acts are not helping society and, hence, are not entrepreneurs in our eyes. Even if an enterprise makes a profit by, for example, selling drugs to schoolchildren, it has not met the test of adding value to society Entrepreneurship is based on innovation and change as the main driven forces in business. Entrepreneurial behavior is a potential candidate to significantly influence marketing thought and practice because it deals directly with a key concept in marketing: bringing innovation successfully to market. Mark Zuckerberg is an entrepreneur and co-founder of the social networking site, Facebook. His personality and approach to business reflect the idea that diffusion of innovation is the discipline of marketing, it is an area of thought and practice that is relatively undeveloped in comparison to managing products in mature markets. Mark Zuckerberg borrowed the idea of social networking from his school, known as "Harvard-thing", This site links only Harvard students, so Zuckerberg decided to expend it and link it to other schools. His personal example shows that in Entrepreneur activities, a careful review of ideas is combined with the quantity and quality of accumulated knowledge about markets created by innovation and the marketing of innovation, as well as other activity directly dependent on marketing, is relatively scarce and in comparison with other areas, deficient. The scarcity and deficiency of accumulated knowledge can not be attributed to a single cause. However, three causes may partially explain the situation as it exists today. The first is the strong marketing discipline preoccupation with managing in mature markets. It should be clearly noted, of course, that most product markets are mature. The largest revenue streams and profit lie in maturity. Consequently, most current marketing texts are, a t least implicitly, primarily focused on issues centered in the environment of maturity and the strategies of market leaders and challengers. Zuckerberg is characterised as craft entrepreneur who applied two main drivers of innovation: expansion and growth (Burns, 2001). Reasons Modern management is often more "brand" orientated than "product" or innovation orientated. In contrast to this view, Zuckerberg followed a completely different approach based on unique decision-making. With the increasingly turbulent environment and the shorter product life cycle, this focus, of necessity, will have to change. Zuckerberg is characterized as a scientific craftsman who possesses a professional nature. He applied professional knowledge and skills in business world and developed a new product interested for millions of people around the globe. Type of Personalities Zuckerberg is a leader who possesses such skills as independent thinking and decision-making. What is important is to recognize that, for a variety of reasons, innovation, which is the central value of entrepreneurial behavior as well as a key concept in marketing, is increasingly important. It is important because innovation is disruptive, the product life cycle continues to shorten, more products are in the early stage of the product life

Housing Development (Housing Study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Housing Development (Housing Study) - Essay Example As a matter of fact, only the rich and the elderly can afford living in some communities in England. Low-income earners, more so the youth, are completely priced out when it comes to buying a house in some communities. Unfortunately, the few interventions that were applied to address the issue of house affordability in some communities in England have always been inefficient. According to one Andrew Clark, the head of policy at the National Farmers Union, a number of areas resist any attempts to ease the housing affordability problems. Due to these resistances, it has become rather difficult to propose and implement policies and reforms that would make housing affordable and sustainable (National Housing Federation, 2012). These resistance problems are particularly rampant in beautiful and scenic areas. Therefore, to outline principles and measures to promote housing, the government has devised a localism agenda in addition to the National Planning Policy Framework. These measures so ught to overcome the hindrances to affordable housing supply in rural areas and offer incentives such as New Homes Bonus and an infrastructure levy. While the New Homes Bonus involves the government matching the local authority’s revenue, the infrastructure levy raises funds from developers to pay for community essentials (Haughton and Allmendinger, 2012). Nonetheless, others worry that localism might just be another conservative tool or agenda instead of serving its intended purpose of creating affordable housing for all. This paper explores localism and its implications on housing and planning in England, asserting that housing problems in England will worsen under localism. Drivers of Localism in England The British coalition government has established several programs targeting different spheres of public life. One such sector targeted by these far-reaching reforms is housing. In fact, the planning of housing in England is undergoing some reformation, with the spatial reg ional housing and planning strategies being replaced by a localism approach, which focuses on community-centered housing planning and development. Although some housing stakeholders are of the opinion that localism will result in more opportunities and more houses than the earlier regional-target approach, others tend to disagree, asserting that localism will not improve the situation (South West Observatory, 2012). Still, some sections of the public wonder what localism is and what its possible impacts on housing and planning are. To understand the implications and effects of localism on housing planning, it is important that the drivers behind it and evidence that supports its effectiveness are understood. In England, localism is an approach not only to housing and planning but also to other projects and programmes by the coalition government. In all programmes targeted by the localism policy, the objective is to promote the involvement of local communities rather than the involve ment of the central government. Specifically, localism seeks the collaboration and participation of local communities in the planning and building of houses. Thus, localism encourages local communities not only to identify their problems and needs but also to prioritize them (South West Observatory, 2012). Due to this local involvement in problem identification, these communities have a hand in defining and designing what the services offered to them should look like. Furthermore, local

Benefits of Pets Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Pets Essay 1. Decreases stress In a 2002 study at State University of New York at Buffalo, researchers found that when conducting a stressful task, people experienced less stress when their pets were with them than when a spouse, family member or close friend was nearby. Promises Treatment Centers, which specializes in addiction, not only recommends its patients consider getting a pet, but even allows pets in its rehabilitation facilities, according to Dr. David Sack, CEO of Promises. â€Å"One of Promises core beliefs is that we need to remove obstacles that prevent people from getting help,† Sack says. â€Å"We are committed to making Promises a safe and reassuring homelike environment. And what could be more like home than to have your pet accompany you?† 2. Lowers blood pressure While some studies have found a stronger connection than others, having a pet has the potential to lower blood pressure, especially in hypertensive or high-risk patients, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). â€Å"If you have a dog around, your blood pressure is lower,† says Marty Becker, DVM, veterinary consultant for Good Morning America and author of the upcoming book, Your Dog: The Owner’s Manual. â€Å"A lot of it goes back to reducing stress: You might lose your job, your house, your 401(k) — but you’ll never lose the unconditional love of your pet.† 3. Eases pain Believe it or not, pets can be the best medicine, especially when a person is dealing with chronic pain such as migraines or arthritis, says Becker. â€Å"Just like Valium, it reduces anxiety. The less anxiety, the less pain,† he says. â€Å"Some studies about acute pain actually found that adults who used pet therapy required 50 percent less pain medication than those who did not.† 4. Lowers cholesterol According to the CDC, another heart-healthy result of owning a pet is lower cholesterol. â€Å"They lower cholesterol by about five points,† says Becker. It isn’t clear whether the pet’s presence decreases cholesterol, or if those who maintain a healthier lifestyle are more often pet owners. However, it is known that male pet owners, in particular, have lower triglyceride and cholesterol levels than non–pet owners. 5. Improves mood A lot of the health benefits of owning a pet may stem from the mental and emotional benefits. â€Å"People who have pets are less harried; there’s more laughter in their life,† says Becker. â€Å"When you come home, it’s like you’re George Clooney. You’re a star.† This is a primary reason pets are used in various forms of therapy. â€Å"At Walter Reed Army Medical Center, they’re using dogs to help soldiers dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder,† says Katy Nelson, DVM, associate emergency veterinarian at the VCA Alexandria Animal Hospital in Alexandria, Va. â€Å"They’re finding the guys who have a pet are able to re-enter society a little bit easier. They’re showing a decreased suicide rate, one of the biggest health threats [veterans] face. These guys who have a pet have someone they’re responsible for, someone who cares about them. And they don’t have to explain what they’ve been through.† 6. Helps people socialize While it may seem a bit counterintuitive, owning a dog actually increases a person’s opportunities to socialize, according to Michael Landa, CEO of natural pet food brand Nulo and founder of Los Angeles–based dog-walking service The Pet Staff. â€Å"I take my dog for a two-mile walk every day, and I run into five to 10 people whom I stop and talk to,† he says. Christie Keith, the online and social media editor at PetConnection.com, agrees. A 1999 Canadian study found that pet owners were more socially engaged than non–pet owners, she says. In addition, an Austrian study â€Å"found that pet ownership led to an increase in social contact, more socialization within neighborhoods [such as neighbors chatting as they walk their dogs], and even a greater perception to observers that the neighborhood seems friendly.’† 7. Prevents strokes Although dogs are often touted for their health benefits, cat owners can see gains, too. Felines are just as beneficial to your health as dogs. â€Å"If you have a cat, you’re 30 percent less likely to have a heart attack, and you’re 40 percent less likely to have a cardiovascular incident like a stroke,† Becker says. In addition, pets can aid in the recovery of a heart attack. â€Å"If you have a heart attack and you have a dog, you are eight times more likely to be alive a year later,† Becker says. 8. Monitors blood sugar levels for diabetics According to the American Diabetes Association’s Diabetes Forecast magazine, a 1992 study found that one-third of the pets living with diabetics (mostly dogs, but other pets included cats, birds and rabbits) would change their behavior when their owner’s blood sugar level dropped. Most likely a reaction to chemical changes in the owner’s body, the behavior noted in the study has resulted in organizations like Dogs4Diabetics, which trains dogs to be companions for patients at risk of unstable blood glucose levels. 9. Prevents allergies and improves immunity Becker says pets can dramatically improve immunity and prevent allergies. â€Å"A study found that children ages 5 to 7 from pet-owning households attend school three weeks more per year than those who don’t have pets,† he says. He also says that the more pets you have earlier in life, the fewer allergies you will develop. â€Å"Kids who grow up on farms and around animals don’t have allergies,† he says. â€Å"That dander on that hair, that’s natural immunotherapy.† But he notes that this effect is not reversible: Getting a pet as an adult will not minimize allergies, it only helps prevent certain allergies from developing in children. 10. Helps children develop Children who grow up in a household with pets benefit in myriad ways, especially in their emotional development. â€Å"When a child is attached to a dog or cat, they learn to express themselves in more ways and they learn to relate better,† says Landa, who brings children to animal shelters to deliver toys and food. Pets are also hugely beneficial to children suffering from autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). For children with ADHD, taking care of a pet can encourage them to focus on responsibilities through a predictable routine. While the sensory experience of holding and petting an animal can be soothing for children with autism.

Music Analysis Essay Example for Free

Music Analysis Essay â€Å"Bitch Bad† is popular hip-hop song performed by Chicago native rapper, Lupe Fiasco. The song depicts the word bitch in the many forms that it is used in today’s urban society. The song starts with a dark weary synthesizer and a heavy deep 808 drum pattern that reflects the sound that is used in many of today’s popular club/party songs. The words to the song shine a stereotypical light on â€Å"bad bitches,† but there is a twist. Fiasco highlights 3 significant points which is the basis of the song, â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good, lady better† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). By producing this song, Lupe Fiasco points out the relevance and impact that the term has on modern day youth. Fiasco also wanted to make an attempt to steer people in the opposite direction from the normal stereotype of the well-known and overrated term ‘bad bitch. ’ As the first verse starts, Fiasco brings listeners into the world of a young male, around the age of 4 or 5 that picks up on the music his mother listens to that has references of women as being bad bitches. Fiasco describes how the mother sings to the song playing and her son is listening to her sing along to the lyrics. Fiasco states the more the son hears his mother play this type of music, he develops a certain complex on how he views women that use the â€Å"bad bitch† phrase. By the son being such a tender age, he receives the song based on what he sees in his mother instead of the derogatory way the song is describing women. The young boy forms his own opinion of the bad bitch theory. His own mother, whom he looks up to and admires, calls herself a bad bitch, so he depicts the term â€Å"bad bitch† to be positive. To him it resembles a strong, independent, respectful woman because this is how he sees his mother, as opposed to a woman that is weak, dependent and unstable. The hook to the song â€Å"Bitch Bad† illuminates the 3 categories of women: bitch, woman, and lady. â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good/ Lady better, they misunderstood/ (Im killin these bitches)† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). These lyrics are self-explanatory. This hook is saying that being called a bitch is a bad thing, being called a woman is better, but being called a lady is phenomenal. Lupe Fiasco is trying to tell young girls, or young women, what they should be trying to aspire to be instead of trying to be what they see on the television screens or hear on the radio. More recently in urban society being a woman or a lady has lost its value. The message that Lupe Fiasco is trying to send out to the audience of this song is that being a bad bitch is not a positive look. In verse two of the song â€Å"Bad Bitch,† Fiasco breaks down how a young group of girls in their pre-teen stage listen to songs and watch music videos on the internet. The videos are uncensored and because they know more about the internet than their parents, they don’t get parental consent. Children tend to know a lot more about modern day technology than their parents. This is how children such as the ones described in this verse, are able to watch uncensored items online. The young girls are at an age where they need a positive female role model, but instead they are influenced by the women they see in music videos. These young girls receive a different persona of a bad bitch than the young boy in the first verse. Bad bitches to them are women that have sex appeal, skinny with big butts, and wear sexy and revealing clothing. As the song states â€Å"High heels, long hair, fat booty, slim They don’t see a paid actress, just what makes a bad bitch† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). The girls have this image in their heads, and without proper guidance, this is what they want to grow up to be. The third verse begins by Fiasco stating that he is not trying to teach children to use the term â€Å"bitch† but as a psychological way to let listeners know that he is against the use of the word. This verse combines the first two and it continues with the observation of how small the world really is and the young boy from the first verse and one of the young girls from the second verse meet. Fiasco continues on to illustrate how the boy is viewing the girl in an insolent way based on how she is dressed, but she is saying it in a sexual way. His viewing of a bad bitch is not what the girl is showcasing. Sure enough, in this little world/The little boy meets one of those little girls/And he thinks she a bad bitch/And she thinks she a bad bitch/He thinks disrespectfully/She thinks of that sexually/She got the wrong idea/He don’t wanna fuck her/He thinks she’s bad at being a bitch/Like his mother† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). She is flaunting her half-dressed body i n front of him, yet he is telling her that his mother didn’t do things like that, and that is what he knows to be a bad bitch. The young man fostered his view on the term from what he saw in his mother, a respectful woman. They young lady obtained her view from the flashy video girls she saw in music videos. The term ‘bad’ back in earlier years portrayed a woman who had her life together and was sexy in a respectful way. She was the woman that didn’t need assistance from the male counterpart. Black moguls in the rap/hip hop community, such as Dame Dash, Russell Simmons, Nicki Minaj, and Jay-Z have taken the word ‘bad’ and made the ‘bitch’ addition and spread it through the black culture. Now a female who has lower standards perceives that she’s a bad bitch because she is being uplifted by the black urban community. Society today can take the term â€Å"bad bitch’ as being either good or bad. Marc Hogan, writer for Spin Magazine, stated â€Å"Clearly, something has changed in hop hop’s relationship with anti-woman slurs†¦and that’s ostensibly what Lupe Fiasco tries to address†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hogan). The perception of women slurs all depend on individual perceptions and how much impact social media has on an individual. This song released in August 2012. Upon its music video release, MTV did an interview with Lupe Fiasco. During this interview, Fiasco stated that he â€Å"just wanted to have a conversation,† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe also suggested that because there is no solidification to the term bad bitch, â€Å"†¦it’s definitely something that I think we should talk about because it’s so prevalent in our culture right now† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe is trying to get the world to understand that a bad bitch is a double standard as stated in the lyrics â€Å"Bad mean good to her/She really nice and smart/ But bad mean bad to him/Bitch don’t play your part/ But bitch still bad to her if you say it the wrong way/ But she think she a bitch/What a double entendre† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). Rob Markman stated that â€Å"Lupe Fiasco knows all too well the power of words. † This is very true. Fiasco’s music is well known in the hip hop industry for relaying some kind of message. Lupe Fiasco did precisely what he set out to do, spark a conversation and produce different point of views. â€Å"Depending on where you stand, the term â€Å"bad bitch† may have positive or negative connotations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Markman). Fiasco let the world know that is was more to being a ‘bad bitch’. What viewers see in music videos is only one perception. Needless to say, â€Å"†¦whether you consider â€Å"bitch† empowering or degrading, there is always something to ponder on† (Viera), and Lupe Fiasco definitely gave his listeners, and non-listeners, something to think about.

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-Propenoic Acid Synthesis

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-Propenoic Acid Synthesis Antimicrobial activity of Co (II) complex of 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid and sonochemical synthesis of nanoscale mixed –ligand EDA coordination for preparation of CoCl2.6H2O anoparticle Abstract 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid abbreviated as EDA was synthesized and characterized. Co (II) metal complex of this ligand prepared by reaction of chloride salt with EDA in dry acetonitrile. Phenolic compounds (a group of secondary metabolites) are widely distributed in plants and have shown to possess antimicrobial properties. Antibacterial activity was studied for ligand and its metal complex. This complex were tested for their antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli comparatively with that of free ligand. Differential response to phenolic compounds was observed among bacteria. Also this complex was synthesized in Nano-scale and was characterized by SEM, XDR (X- Ray powder diffraction). Antibacterial activity of complex and nano- material were studied and compared with each other. Keywords: 3, 4-dihydroxy benzene acrylic acid, Cu (II) and Co (II) complexes, Antibacterial activity, nano- scale Introduction Acrylic acid or hydroxycinnamic acid compounds are widely distributed in the plants. They usually exist number of them exist as free acids in nature [4, 5, 6].Much work has been realized by bioinorganic as well as medicinal chemists to launch the relationship between the metal ions and their complexes as antimicrobial agents [7-8]. Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites and naturally present in almost all plant materials, including food products of plant origin. These compounds are thought to be an integral part of both human and animal diets [13]. The chemical structure of phenolic acids shows that they are simple phenols. Hydroxycinnamic acid is the major subgroup of phenolic compounds [11,12]. Hydroxycinnamates are phenylpropanoid metabolites and occur widely in plants[4],and plant products[2]. Hydroxycinnamates and their derivatives are bioactive plant food ingredients. The other natural ligand from plants such as alkaloids compound also can be used in synthesis of m etal complex [1]. Nanophasic and nanostructured materials are attracting a great deal of attention because of their potential for achieving specific processes and selectivity, especially in biological and pharmaceutical applications [3]. Nanoparticles are made of natural or artificial polymers ranging [10].In particular, those conjugated with biological moieties have enormous potential in drug delivery and therapeutic applications. In fact, much progress has been achieved in the past ten years based on inorganic nanomaterials [9]. In this context we have undertaken the antimicrobial evaluation of Co (II) complex of 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid. For this purpose the in vitro susceptibility of tow gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) and tow gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) to the synthesized compounds was investigated. Materials and Methods Synthesis of the metal complex; General Method 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid, cobalt chloride was Merck chemicals and was used without further purification. Organic solvents were reagent grade. Electronic spectra were recorded by Camspec UV–Visible spectrophotometer model Perkin Elmer Lambda 25. The IR spectra were recorded using FT-IR Bruker Tensor 27 spectrometer. 1H- NMR was recorded on a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer at 500 and 125MHz respectively. All the chemical shifts are quoted in ppm using the high-frequency positive convention; 1H -NMR spectra were referenced to external SiMe4. The percent composition of elements was obtained from the Microanalytical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of tarbiyatmoallem, Tehran. A solution of metal salt dissolved in acetonitrile added a dually to a stirred acetonitrile solution of the ligand (EDA), in the molar ratio 1:1 (metal: ligand). The reaction mixture was further stirred for 4-5h to ensure of the completing and precipitation of the formed complexes. Finally, the complexes dried in vacuum desiccators over anhydrous CaCl2. Microorganisms and culture media The following microorganisms were used in this study to test antimicrobial activity of complex. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus were kindly provided by (anistitue pastor ). The strains were maintained on PD3 agar at 26oC. For long- term storage, glycerol stocks of microorganisms were prepared in the corresponding growth media with a final glycerol concentration of 12%. The bacterial glycerol stocks were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80oC. In-vitro anti-bacterial activity All methodology and steps were followed according to diffusion disk method. An inoculum of 0.5 McFarland standard (1.5*108 cfu/ml) was applied on Mueller Hintonagar (a depth of 4 mm in a petridish of 100 mm diameter) [14]. Maximum 6 discs were applied on each plate and they were incubated at 37  °C for 24 hours. Zone of inhibition was measured including the disc diameter (6mm). Preparation of nanoparticles Co nanocrystallites were prepared by the reaction of C9H8O4 with [Co (C9H7O4)] Cl2 in THF as solvent under ultrasound power. Then the suspension was irradiated for 1h with a high- density ultrasonic probe immersed directly into the solution under various conditions. A maltiwave ultrasonic generator ( sonicator – 3000: Italstructure MPD 3000). The samples were characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with gold coating. Results and Discussions Structural description of the complex The reaction of Co(II) salt with the ligand, EDA, results in the formation of [ML] for M=Co (II). complex is quite stable and could be stored without any appreciable change. The EDA ligand and the [Co(C9H6O4)]Cl2.2H2O complex have 223-225 °C and 195-198 °C melting point respectively also complex is insoluble in common organic solvents, such as n-hexane and dichloromethane. However, that is soluble in DMSO, ethanol and DMF. its structure was characterized by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR and IR. Their elemental analyses are in accord with their proposed formula. The spectral data of the complexes have good relationship with the literature data. Fig.1. Structure of the ligand, EDA. Analysis of [ Co ( C9H6O4 )] Cl2.2H2O (EDACC): Dark Blue crystals; yield 86% . elemental analyses, 1:1 metal to ligand stoicheiometry is assigned to all the chelates ( table 1). Table1: Elemental analyses data on the caffeic acid and its Co (II) complex. (31.40) (1.74) (17.15) 1H-NMR: (à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¤ ppm DMSO, 500MHz): 5, 97-7.21 [5H, 2q, aroma]; 11.91 [1H, s, acid); 8.98-9,36[2H, s, alkene]. IR absorptions(cm-1 KBr): 1620 (C=C), 972 (=C-H), 1352 (C-O), 574 (Co-O) and 456 (Co-Cl).The electronic spectral data of the complex in acetonitrile are presented in table 2. there are one peak in spectrum of ligand which can be assigned to ÃŽ  Ã¢â€ â€™ÃŽ  * transition. The electronic complex shows a broad band at 680 nm attributable to the 4T1g ( F ) →4 A2g ( F) and the other one at 640- 550 nm attributable to the 4T1g ( F ) →4T1g ( P ) transition for Co ( II ) ion . table 2: Electronic spectra of caffeic acid and its Co(II) complex in nm Raman shift (cm1): 500 à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ Co-O), 325 (Co-Cl), 975(C-H), 1618à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨C=C), 1189à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨C-O) (Fig.2.Left). Fig.2. Structure of Co (II) complex with ligand, EDA. In-vitro anti-bacterial activity The mean diameters of microbial growth inhibited by different complexes are shown in Table 4. All complexes had antimicrobial activity. Inhibition zones larger than 5mm indicated that antimicrobial activity. The data obtained by the disk diffusion method showed that all complexes have antibacterial activity. Among the bacteria, Escherichia coli was the most sensitive bacteria both ligand and complex [Co(C9H7O4)]Cl2 Normal- scale had antibacterial effect on this bacteria , whereas only ligand C9H8O4 had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Ligand C9H8O4 and complex [Co (C9H7O4)] Cl2( Normal- scale) had not any effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Table 4. Zone of growth inhibition of the test compounds against the bacteria Complex [Co (C9H7O4)]Cl2 ( Normal– scale), had more antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (14mm) . Complex [Co(C9H7O4)]Cl2 (Nano – scale), had less activity against Staphylococcus aureus (5mm). From these results it may be concluded that there is not any accordance between normal – scale and nano- scale from the antibacterial activity aspect. The antimicrobial activity of complexes demonstrated in this study can be added to the already known beneficial biological properties of these compounds to the human health. Nanoparticle study XRD pattern of mixture of caffeic acid andCoCl2 .6H2O prepared by the ultrasonic process is given in Fig. 4. The diffraction peaks accord with the amorphous crystal system. Fig.4. The XRD pattern of the mixture of caffeic acid and 6H2O .CoCl2 The SEM micrographs of nanostructure are shown in Fig. 5. The nanoparticles show a low degree of crystalline with no defined peaks in the XRD pattern. Fig. 5. SEM images of complex [Co (C9H7O4)]Cl2 The IR spectrum of Co (II) nanostructure (Fig.5) shows the absorption pesk at 574 648 are assigned to the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ µ(Co-O) modes, which confirms the formation of Co (II) nanostructure. It has been reported that the negative charge on the cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria was higher than on Gram-positive bacteria (Chunget al., 2004). Due to a higher negative charge on cell surface, the interaction between Gram-negative bacteria and nanoparticles was definitely stronger than that of Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, results showed that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to Co (II) nanoparticles. Fig.6. IR Spectrum of complex [Co (C9H7O4)] Cl2 Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Research Council of Ardabil Islamic Azad University and many technical supports that provided by Ardabil University of. edical Sciences References [1] A.H. Osman, (Synthesis and characterization of cobalt (II) and nickel (II) complexes of some  Schiff bases derived from 3-hydrazino-6-methyl [1, 2, 4] triazin-5(4H) one) Transition Met. Chem, 2006, 31, 35. [2] Clifford, 1999 M.N. Clifford, Chlorogenic acids and other cinnamates: nature, occurrence and dietary burden, J. Sci. Food Agric. 79 (1999), pp. 362–372. [3] Brigger, I., C. Dubernet, and P. Couvreur. 2002. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 54:631–651 [4] Herrmann, K. Occurrence and content of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid compounds in foods. Crit. Rev. Food Sci.Nutr. 1989, 28, 315-347 [5] Herrmann, K. Contents of principle plant phenols in fruits. Fluess. Obst 1992, 59, 66-70. [6] Herrmann, K. Phenolcarboxylic acids in plant foods and their antioxidative activity. Gordian 1993, 93, 92-96. [7] M.J. Seven and L. A. Johnson, Metal Binding in Medicine, Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, PA, 4ta Ed (1960). [8] A. J. Crowe, Metal-Based Antitumor Drugs, Vol. 1, Freund, London, 1989, p. 103 [9] Gong, J., Hu, X., Wong, K., Zheng, Z., Yang, L., Lau,W., Du,R. Chitosan Nanostructures with Controllable Morphology Produced by a Nonaqueous Electrochemical Approach. Advanced materials. 2008, 20, 2111–2115. [10] Kreuter, J. (2001). Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 47, 65–81. [11] C. Sanchez-Moreno, J.A. Larrauri and F. Saura-Calixto, A procedure to measure the antiradical efficiency of polyphenols, J. Sci. Food Agric. 76 (1998), pp. 270–276. [12] Z. Sroka and W. Cisowski, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, antioxidant and anti-radical activity of some phenolic acids, Food Chem. Toxicol. 41 (2003), pp. 753–758. [13] E. Psomiadou and M. Tsimidou, Stability of virgin olive oil. 1. Autoxidation studies, J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (2002), pp. 716–721. [14]WHO, Geneva (Sept. 1997). Manual on antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility testing. Diversion of emerging and other communicable diseases surveillance and control. WHO antimicrobial resistance monitoringprogramme.

Psychology Of Television Essay -- essays research papers

Psychology of Television   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today many people think that television is the cause of violence in today’s youth. Many have pondered that television disturbs traditions as well as interferes with the minds of adolecened children who can not yet comprehend the truth of fiction and reality. Thus television has become a widely talked about controversy, mainly because of the fatal incidents that have been occurring during the past couple of years. Questions are being raised and people want answers. What kind of effects does the television have on human beings?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s society the public is interested in the detailed information about the content of television. Persons who work in the media are often concerned with what the television portrays and why it portrays the way it does. Even though they know that their shows are representative to their viewers tastes and not that of the “real world.'; Although this information is not acknowledged as fiction or non-fiction it is still portrayed and processed information by the viewer. One must be able to realize, “How this information is different from everyday life?'; By mocking a family, situation, or community, distortions and biases occur on the television when these subjects are compared to “real life.'; Still unsure of these problems the majority of humans watch even when they don’t understand – why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Television is a medium of novelty, with each new season bringing new shows with dreamier characters and more enticing situations. These shows are successful because they challenge one’s wisdom if he or she were in the same situation. This is the reason why people are starting to question and be afraid of the pushed boundaries of television. With the dramatic increase of violence in today’s world the programmers are filling ones mind of not wisdom, but the dark escape of violence which makes up the viewers mind for them. The definition of physical violence is stated as these two presented:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any overt depiction of a credible threat of physical force or the actual use of such force intended to physically harm an animated being or group of beings. (National... ... which audience members are said to be “recruited';. Thus, the individual “learns to recognize itself in a series of subject positions...which are the positions from which discourse is intelligible to itself and others (Academic Press, 103). The viewer is not compelled to take a position even though there are different ones offered by the program. In either case it would seem that the logical effect remains within the discourse and does not translate directly to the viewer. The simple answer to the objection is that the reader will not be able to make sense of what he or she sees other than identifying with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that you know some of the ways that television programs can cloud your mind, try and be more observant when you or your little one is sitting in front of the television. You are watching more than “just some thing on TV.'; Television today is getting more violent and graphic, and that is not the worst of it. Programmers are playing with a young child’s mind – with my mind, and even with yours. People just don’t realize it, or they choose to ignore it, until something drastic happens.

Washintgon Irving :: essays research papers

In spite of Irving's seventeen years in Europe, his search for native themes led him to contribute importantly to portraiture of the American Indian. Although his firsthand observation of Indians was limited, he was liberated om the pioneer's need to justify Indian displacement. He was able to view Indians sympathetically, bringing the perspective of a worldly man to questions of civilization and savagery. In his first book, A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, by Dietrich Knickerbocker ( 1809), he satirizes pretentious historians and wittily deflates some shibboleths of American history. In Chapter Five Dietrich Knickerbocker pretends to justify the rights of European colonists to the land they "discovered." He succeeds, of course, in revealing the falsity and injustice of their claims. At the end of the chapter, Irving offers a Swiftian summary of colonization; this passage is reprinted below. In a more straightforward way, but not more devastatingly, Irving takes up the topic of displaced Indians again in two sketches added to The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., in 1820. In "Traits of Indian Character," Irving expresses succinctly that sympathy for wronged Indians implied in Knickerbocker's History: It has been the lot of the unfortunate aborigines of America, in the early periods of colonization, to be doubly wronged by the white men. They have been dispossessed of their hereditary possessions by mercenary and frequently wanton warfare, and their characters have been traduced by bigoted and interested writers. In this essay, Irving praises the Indians for courage and magnanimity, and explains their deep resentment of white injuries; he calls it "the dark story of their wrongs and wretchedness." In the next sketch, "Philip of Pokanoket,,, he brings together materials for the many nineteenth century treatments of Philip (most notably, Cooper's and Stone's). Irving's recognition of the heroism of this "true-born prince" in trying to save his people is in sharp contrast to earlier views of Philip as devilish. In these comic and serious meditations on history, Irving helped to establish the idealized Indian; he worked from secondary sources, the northeastern Indians having been conquered and displaced by the 1820s. But Irving's treatment of the Indian does not end with these books. In 1832 he traveled across Indian territory, and recorded his glimpses of western tribes in A Tour on the Prairies ( 1835). His most intimate contact with Indians was gathered through his acquaintance with a half-breed guide on this trip.

Picasso :: essays research papers

1881: Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born on October 25, 1881, in Malaga, Spain, Son of Jose Ruiz Blasco, an art teacher (1838-1913) and Maria Picasso Lupez (1855- 1939) 1884: Birth of the first sister, Dolores (Lola) 1887: Birth of the second sister, Concepcion (Conchita) 1888 / 89: Started painting tutored by his father. 1891: Translated La Coruà ±a, where his father worked as an art teacher. The death of his sister Conchita. 1892: Enters school of Bella's Arts in La Coruà ±a. His father taught him. 1895:He was an Advanced student of the Barcelona Academy of the fine arts from the age of 14 , He experimented in his youth with hardly all of the avant-garde styles current at the turn of the century, an early demonstration of his life long ability to assimilate aesthetic ideas and to work in a variety of styles. He painted " Girl with bear feet" (Paris) 1897: He transferred to Madrid for advance training ; but he was an unimpressed by his tuition, and spent a great deal of time in Cafes and brothers. 1898 : He won a gold medal for " Customs of Aragon" , which was exhibited in his native town. He painted " Gypsy girl on the beach" 1901: Known as the " Blue period" because of the blue tonality of Picasso’s paintings were a time of frequent change of residence between Barcelona and Paris. During this period he would spend his days in Paris. Studying the master works at the Louvers and his nights enjoying the company of fellow artist at cabarets like the Lapin Agile. 1903: In works such as the old guitarist ( 1903;art institute, Chicago) he created evocative portrayals of blind, impoverished, or despairing people in a predominantly blue palette. His use of blue as a motif was apparently derived from the symbolic importance of that color in the contemporary romantic writings of Maurice Maeterlinck and Oscar Wilde, whose work often derived its force from the depiction of madness or illness. 1904: Picasso entered into a relationship with Fernande Oliver, who inspired many of his pre-cubist works, such as the painting " woman with Loaves" End of the Blue Period. 1905: Marked a radical changing color and mood for Picasso. He became fascinated with the acrobat, clowns and wondering families of the circus worlds. He started to paint. in subtle pinks and grays, often highlighted with brighter tones. This was known as his "Rose period"

Leadership Style and Its Impact on Employees

FACULITY OF GRADUATE STUDIES MBA PROGRAM THE BANK MANAGERS' LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEES' JOB SATISFACTION IN THE SOUTH OF WEST BANK BY AFNAN MOHAMMAD AMER ADVISOR DR. SHARIF ABUKARSH This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA), College of Graduate Studies, Hebron University. 2009 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my appreciation to those who provided valuable advice and assistance during preparation of this thesis My appreciation to my Advisor Dr. Sharif Abukarsh for his guidance and support. And my appreciation to all the Bank anagers who allowed me to conduct the research in their branches My appreciation to every one helped me to make this piece of work completed.3 DECLARATION No portion of the work referred in this study has application qualification for to been submitted another this or as degree any or other university or institute of learning. 4 an DEDICATION This piece of w ork is dedicated to all my family members, especially to the great father I have, to my precious mother, my best friend Akram, and my lovely kids; zaid, Sanad, Manar and mohammad, for their patience and supporting. To them and to everyone who participated, helped, and encouraged me o complete this work, I dedicate this thesis 5ABSTRACT THE BANK MANAGERS' LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEES' JOB SATISFACTION IN THE SOUTH OF WEST BANK Job satisfaction is one of the most important human resource-related outcomes, Further; organizations that have more satisfied employees are likely to be more productive and profitable. Among determinants of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. This study recognizes the types of the existing Bank managers' leadership style in southern part of West Bank and its impact on employees' job satisfaction from the view oint of its employees. All the employees of (20) Bank branches in the southern par t of West Bank which are (390) employees, were the target population of the research. The researcher developed one questionnaire used as a primary source consists of of three collecting main data, parts: the this first questionnaire part contained questions about the employees demographic variables, the second part is about the indicators of the current leadership styles of the Bank managers in the southern part of West Bank and the third part is a bout the job satisfaction of the Bank employees. One hundred distributed employees in to twenty a the three tratified Banks of questionnaires systematic southern 6 part have sample of of West been the Bank. Eighty nine questionnaires were returned which make the respondents rate (72. 4%). The results of the research highlighted a strong positive relationship between democratic leadership style and employees' job satisfaction, a slightly weak positive relationship employees' between job autocratic satisfaction and leadership a strong style and negative relationship between the laissez fair leadership style and employees' job satisfaction.7 CHAPTER ONE THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1. 1 Introduction Job human satisfaction is resource-related ften-studied topic the one outcomes, in of the and most important perhaps management and the most industrial psychology. Further, organizations that have more satisfied employees are likely to be more productive and profitable. Job satisfaction, characteristics likely such result as customer low together and in with environmental other turnover satisfaction, other characteristics, organizationally reduced positive valued absenteeism and organizational job satisfaction, job will outcomes productivity, effectiveness. (kim 2004) Among determinants of leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. Leadership is management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well as the process of influencing people so that they will a chieve the goals of the organization (Rad and Yarmohammadian, 2004).By using appropriate leadership styles, managers can affect employee job satisfaction, commitment and productivity. Leadership style can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational values, leadership interests 8 and reliability of employees in different situations (Mosadeghrad, 2003). And because of the historical development of the Banking ector in Palestine which was, initially, marked by weakness and deformity in its structure and activities due to the political circumstances that Palestine went through. Apparently, there was an immense need for building a strong Banking system able to meet the economical and financial requirements of Palestine. And this strong Banking system mainly depends on the human force that like any business must be satisfied previously in mentioned, the work employee's place. job And as it was satisfaction is affected mostly by the managers' leadership style. (Parker, 2003) 1. 2 The Paradigm of the Study Independent variables Dependent variableManagers' Leadership style Job satisfaction Autocratic style Democratic style Laissez-fair style Employees' demographic variables †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Sex Academic qualification Salary Hierarchy level Moderator variables 9 F igure 1. 1: Conceptual framework There is one independent variable: managers' leadership style, which will affect the dependent variable: employees' job satisfaction. There are three leadership style indicators (autocratic, democratic, laissez fair), In addition, there are four moderator variables: employees' sex, their academic qualification, salary, and hierarchy level, that will affect the strength of the relation etween the dependent and independent variables. (Kenny, 1986) 1. 6 Objectives of the Study This study aims to accomplish the following objectives: 1. To explore the leadership styles of Bank mangers in s outhern part of West Bank. 2. To identify the best style achieving of high level job satisfaction that to be recommended and followed. 3. To explore the impact of sex, academic qualification, salary, hierarchy level, in determining the job satisfaction of the south West Bank employees. 4. To explore the level of job satisfaction of employees in south West Bank Banks. 1.3 Statement of the Problem Most of the time the success or failure f any business in general and Banking in particular is determined by the efforts and by the hard work done by its human workforce. And since one of the important factors influencing the employees activities and job satisfaction is the leadership style of their managers, a study of the 10 leadership style of the Bank managers and its relation with the employees satisfaction is essential for these managers to identify their styles and its impact on their employees performance, which will directly affect the Banking performance, with all its implications on the Palestinian economy. In order to accomplish the main objective of this study, nswers to the following specific sub-problems are sought: 1. What are the primary leadership styles of the Bank managers from the view point of its employees in southern part of West Bank? 2. What are the most remarkable characteristics of these styles from the view point of the employees? 3. What is the employees' job satisfaction level in southern part of West Bank? 4. What are the most remarkable characteristics of the employees' job satisfaction in southern part of West Bank?5. Is there a clear relationship between Bank managers' leadership style and the employees' job satisfaction in southern part of West Bank? . Is there a particular sub items in managers' leadership style or styles that result in the highest job satisfaction for the employees in southern part of West Bank? 1. 4 Null Hypothesis Based on the problem statement mentioned above, the research hypotheses for this study are as follow s: 11 1. There is no significant relationship between the leadership style of the Bank managers and the job satisfaction of its employees in southern part of West Bank. 2. There is no significant difference in the level of job satisfaction demographic of Bank employees variables (sex, in relation academic to the qualification, alary, hierarchy level). 1. 5 Significance of the Study Job satisfaction is an essential aspect of the human resource- related outcomes. And because of its significance in an organization, job satisfaction is perhaps the most often-studied topic in management and in industrial psychology (Kim 2004). And since job satisfaction is highly affected by managers' leadership style.The significance of this study is underlined as this study is the first in Palestine according to the knowledge of the researcher done in the Banking sector The importance development of of this Banking study sector, lies and in its studying mpact on the factors that may improve or hinder e mployees' job satisfaction. On the customers level, the more employees satisfaction, means the insurance of a better service, from one hand, and on the other hand , the well being of the Banking employees will have its clear effect on the Banking sector success,12 which the customer will directly feel; as a success in major economy key player. The results of this research will highlight the effect of management style on the job satisfaction, which will be an additional contribution to the national literature that will help in a better planning for future developmental lans of the Banking sector in Palestine. 1. 7 Scope and Limitation of the Study The time scope: the time of the research from January, 2008 to March, 2009. The place scope: The research will be composed of all the Palestinian Banks in the southern part of West Bank (Hebron, Bethlehem, Betjalah). Human scope: all the employees of the Palestinian Banks in the southern part of West Bank will be the population of the resea rch. Limitations of the study: 1. Some of the subordinates did not have time to fill the questionnaire in due time, and because of that it took the researcher more than planned to collect the data. 2.Some of the branch managers were reluctant or refused to cooperate, due to the contradiction of the excepted results of the study with their interests. 13 Banks framework table 1. 1 The working Banks in Palestine according to Palestinian Monetary Authority. Bank number Bank name 1 Arabic Bank 2 Cairo Amman Bank 3 Alquds Bank for Development and Investment 4 Palestine Islamic Bank 5 Arab Islamic Bank 6 Palestine Investment Bank 7 Bank of Jordan 8 The Housing Bank for Trade and Finance 9 Jordan Ahli Bank 10 Egyptian Arab land Bank 11 Bank of Palestine PLC 12 Al Rafah Microfinance Bank 13 Commercial Bank of Palestine 4 Palestine International Bank 15 Al-Aqsa Islamic Bank16 Arab Palestinian Investment Bank 17 Jordan Commercial Bank 18 Jordan-Kuwait Bank 14 Bank number Bank name 19 Union Ban k for Savings 20 HSBC Bank Middle East Limited 21 Principal Bank of Development and Agricultural Source(Palestinian Monetary Authority web site (http://www. pmapalestine. org) 15 1. 8 Definition of Terms Bank: a commercial institution that keeps money in accounts for individuals or organizations, makes loans, exchanges currencies, provides credit to businesses, and offers other financial services. (Macesich, 2000) Bank manager: manager of branch office of a Bank. (Macesich, 2000, p. 80) Leadership: ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen (Kouzes and Posner 2007) Autocratic leadership style: A leadership style where the leader solves the himself/herself problem using the or makes information the decision available at by the time.(Richard and Robert, 2009) Democratic leadership characterized by group style: a style participation in of leadership decision-making where the leader shares the problem with the relevant team members as a group. (Parker, 2003) Laissez fair leadership style: It s one in which the manager provides little or no direction and gives employees as much freedom as possible. All authority or power is given to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. (Richard and Robert, 2009) Job satisfaction: and an attitude (Cranny, 2002) 16 towards one’s job First line supervision manager: of a An middle individual manager who and is works under the responsible for managing the daily activities of a group of workers (Abas, 2003) Southern Part of West Bank: Bethlehem, Betjala and Hebron 17 CHAPTER Two REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ANDSTUDIES This chapter international studies includes about literature, the topic of local the and research, which is collected by reviewing different books and studies from different university libraries. The chapter has two parts; the first is about literature of leadership style and job satisfaction, whereas the second is about international and local studies related to the topic of the research. 2. 1 Literature Review of the Leadership Style In this part, the literature and theoretical framework about the leadership style is provided. 2. 1. 1 Leadership Concept In a competitive and quickly changing business nvironment, the effective leadership becomes one of the most critical needs and requirements (Pierce and Newstrom, 1995). Leaders need to hold visions, values, assumptions and paradigms that are oriented, empowered in agreement workforce successful. (Kotter, 1990) 18 in with having order to a team- be most Many researchers have defined leadership (Specrtum, 1999) defined leadership as the ability to influence others to achieve a specific goals and objects. Another definition influencing a of leadership is of persons achieve group to the process the of required goals of an organization. (Shachleton, 1995) There are some asic elements shape the concept of leadership, which are: 1. The ex istence of a group of people working in a certain organization. 2. The existence of a leader from the group who got the ability to influence their actions. 3. The existence of a specific object to obtain. (Kan'an, 2002) The ends of leadership involve getting results through others and the means of leadership involve the ability to build goal-oriented teams. (Richard and Robert, 2009) Finally the researcher defines the leadership as the ability to influence a group of people or a community to achieve specific goals. 2. 1. 2. Sources of Leadership Strength Where does the leader's power come from?Do leaders have it? Or do followers give it them? As we shall see the answer may be both†. (Richard and Robert, 2009, p. 138) 19 The sources of leadership that gives the power and authority to a leader are 🙠 Parker, 2003) †¢ Expert power: Is the power of knowledge, some people are able to influence others through their relative expertise in particular area. †¢ Referent power: refers to the potential influence one has due to the strength of the relationship between the leader and the follower. †¢ Legitimate power: is based on the official authority that a person got in the organizational structure Reward power: involves the potential to influence others due to one's control over desired resources like the power to give raises or promotions. †¢ Coercive power: the opposite or reward power, is based on expectations of punishment for not doing the expected duties and work. 2. 1. 3 Types of Leadership Leadership style is an approach of giving direction, motivating people and implementing plans. As there are many leaders, there are different leadership styles. A good leader uses the right leadership style according to the situation.There are three types of leadership styles that vary in terms of decision making (Nathant, 2007) . Autocratic style 20 2. Democratic style 3. Laissez-fair style 1. Autocratic Leadership The autocratic style is chara cterized by maximum control by the leader on the group members (Bernhard & Walsh, 1990) This leadership style is based on the notion that enlisting people in decision making processes encumbers the efficient running of a business. (Zowelif, 1996) Autocratic leadership goes beyond decision making; it involves attempts to dominate or force values and opinions on followers. The predominant use of economic values should relate to autocratic leadership. Because they are supported in their decisions by the strong logic of efficiency’ these executives have confidence in their own decisions and feel less need to involve subordinates in the decision-making process. Subordinates may perceive these leaders as dominating and likely to force their values and opinions on others, tell others what to do, and make decisions in an overbearing way (Nathant, 2007). Autocratic leadership is best applied to situations where there is little time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable member of the group. (Berson and Linton, 2005) This leadership style surly has some major drawbacks, which are: 21 1.Increased workload for the manager: By taking on as much responsibility and involvement as possible, an autocratic leader naturally works at their full capacity, which can lead to long term stress and health problems and could damage working relationships with colleagues. 2. People dislike being ordered around, they also dislike being shown very little trust and faith. 3. Teams become dependent upon their leader: After becoming conditioned to receive orders and act upon them perfectly, workers lose initiative and the confidence to make decisions on their own. This results in teams of workers who become useless at running operations if hey loose contact with their leader. (Rad, 2004) In summary, an autocratic leader retains full authority, responsibility, and is concerned primarily with task and goal accomplishment and he/she uses one way communicati on pattern with the group. A leader using this style displays little trust and confidence in employees who generally fear their leader. 2. Democratic Leadership Democratic promotes the Leadership sharing of is the leadership responsibility, the style that exercise of delegation and continual consultation. The democratic leader acts as a part of the team, he/she receives the employees thought and suggestions with respect

Determination Of Vitamin C Content Of Tablet Essay

ABSTRACT In this experiment, the vitamin C content of a commercial tablet is determined and compared with the manufacturers’ specification. Vitamin C is water-soluble and is an enantiomer of ascorbic acid. (Commercial vitamin C is often a mixture of ascorbic acid and other ascorbates.) Ascorbic acid, C6H8O6, is a reducing agent that reacts rapidly with iodine (I2). As the iodine is added during the titration, the ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, while the iodine is reduced to iodide ions as shown in the following equation. Ascorbic acid + I2 (aq) ———–> 2I- (aq) + dehydroascorbic acid Due to this reaction, the iodine formed is immediately reduced to iodide as long as there is any ascorbic acid present. The amount of ascorbic acid is determined by the stoichiometry of the equations and the difference between the total amount of iodine present and the amount that reacts with the thiosulphate. This method is suitable for use with vitamin C tablets, fresh or packaged fruit juices and solid fruits and vegetables. INTRODUCTION Vitamins are a group of small molecular compounds that are essential nutrients in many multi-cellular organisms, and humans in particular. L-Ascorbic acid was first isolated as a pure substance by Albert Azent-Gyorgi and Charles Kingin 1928 (Pauling, 1970), an anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger, is found ubiquitously in fruit and vegetables such as citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, tangerines etc.), melons, tomatoes, peppers, broccoli, green leafy vegetables such as spinach, potatoes and turnips, its quantitative determination is especially important in the production of wine, beer, milk, soft drinks and fruit juices, where it can be a quality indicator (Gerrior & Zizza, 1994)] .Given the essential role played in the human diet and necessary to growth and repair of tissues in all parts of human body .It is necessary to form collagen an important skin proteins ,scar tissue ,tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. Vitamin C  is essential for the healing of wounds, and for th e repair and maintenance of cartilage, bones and teeth (Mcevoy, 1993) one of the several ways of determining the ascorbic acid content of a solution is by titration. Figure structure of vitamin c (ascorbic acid) Titration is a volumetric analysis and is one of the basic analytical techniques in chemistry which enables one to quantitatively determine how much of a specific substance is contained in a given sample. This technique is involved in almost every aspects of our daily living such as life sciences, clinical chemistry, water pollution, industrial analyses etc. In order to make meaningful titration analysis, one has to understand and learn the principles involved. Several types of titration techniques are now available but, two general types which are still in much use are acid-base and reduction-oxidation (Redox). Acid-base titration involves the neutralization reaction and the products are generally salt and water. Redox titrations involve the titration of an oxidizing agent (or oxidant) with a reducing agent (or reductant) or vice versa. Oxidation process involves loss of electrons while reduction process involves gain of electrons. Thus an oxidizing agent is one which accepts electr ons while a reducing agent is one which loses the electrons. There must be a sufficiently large difference between the oxidizing and reducing capabilities of these agents for the reaction to undergo completion with a sharp end point. MATERIALS AND METHOD 250-mL conical flask Vitamin C tablets 400-mL beaker KBrO2 solution 50-mL, 25ml and 10ml measuring cylinder 10% KI solution 50-mL burette with stand 2.0 M H2SO4 solution Glass stirring rod Starch indicator Analytical balance A. STANDARDIZATION OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE 1. A standard titration setup was framed up using a stand, a burette clamp and a white tile Figure 2 setup for titration (Courtesy of http://www.chemteach.ac.nz) 2. A burette was rinsed with distilled water and then with the given sodium thiosulphate solution. 3. With the stopcock closed, the rinsed burette was fully filled up with the sodium thiosulphate solution and then the stopcock was opened so that the tip of the burette was also allowed to be filled up. The initial burette volume was recorded to an accuracy of 2 decimal places 4. A 25.00cm3 pipette was rinsed with distilled water, and then with KBrO3 solution. 5. 25.00cm3 of standard solution of KBrO3 was transferred to a clean conical flask using the rinsed pipette. 6. Using a 25cm3 measuring cylinder, 25ml of 2M H2SO4 was transferred into the conical flask containing the KBrO3 solution. 7. Using a 10ml measuring cylinder, 5ml of 10% KI solution was also added to the conical flask containing the KBrO3 solution. 8. Immediately, the reaction mixture in the conical flask was titrated with the sodium thiosulphate solution until a pale yellow solution was observed. 9. A few drops of starch solution were added to the pale yellow solution in the conical flask. 10. Titration of the mixture was continued until the solution changed from dark blue to colorless. The final burette reading, accurate to 2 decimal places, was recorded. the volume of the sodium thiosulphate solution added was calculated 11. Apart from the first trial, 2 more successive titrations were carried out. The burette was refilled in between runs when the volume remaining was not enough for a complete titration. B. ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN C TABLETS Figure 3 vitamin c tablets (Courtesy of lule.blogspot.com) 1. A tablet of vitamin c was transferred into a 250ml conical flask and  approximately 40cm3 of 2M H2SO4 was added. The tablet was then crushed to dissolve until a solution formed. 2. Using a measuring cylinder, 10cm3 of 10% KI solution was added to the tablet solution and 25cm3 of standard KIO3 solution was pipetted in to the flask. 3. The solution was then immediately titrated with standard thiosulphate solution in the burette until the dark color changed to the original color of the tablet. 4. This procedure was repeated with 2 more samples of the tablet. 5. The volume of sodium thiosulphate used in each titration was recorded and the average volume was calculated. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS TRIALS INITIAL READINGS FINAL READINGS TITRE VOLUME AVERAGE TITER 1 0.85 33.60 32.75 32.33 2 0.80 33.10 32.30 3 14.85 46.80 31.95 Table results from standardization of sodium thiosulphate (A) Number of moles of KBrO3 in 25cm3 solution = [this formula is used because the molarity of the solution is given and the volume is known]  0.00964Ãâ€"0.025=0.000241mol Mass of KBrO3 solution used= [this formula is used in deriving the mass of a substance when the no. of moles is given (or derived)]=0.000241molÃâ€"167g/mol=0.040247g= 40.25mg Concentration of KBrO3 = No. of moles of Na2S2O3 required for one titration = 0.00241molÃâ€"6= 0.01446mol Moles of I2 liberated = 2.41Ãâ€"10-4 moles Concentration of Na2S2O3= 0.298mol/dm3 TRIALS INITIAL READINGS FINAL READINGS TITRE VOLUME AVERAGE TITER 1 8.80 11.70 2.90 3.43 2 11.70 15.20 3.50 3 15.20 19.10 3.90 Table 2 results from vitamin C analysis (B) Brand of vitamin C: Cenovis Manufacturer’s specification of vitamin c tablet: 1000mg of vitamin c per tablet Molar mass of vitamin C (C6H8O6) = 12Ãâ€"6+1Ãâ€"8+16Ãâ€"6=176g/mol Balanced Equation for reaction = KIO3+5KI+3H2SO4→ 3I2+3H2O+3K2SO4 Number of moles of KIO3 in 25cm3 solution = 0.00100 mol Moles of I2 produced by 25cm3 of KIO3= 0.00100Ãâ€"3= 0.003 moles No of moles of Na2S2O3 needed to react with excess I2 Moles of I2 that reacted with sodium thiosulphate No. of mole of Na2S2O3 = No. of mole of original I2 – no. of mole of excess I2 =0.000723- 0.0005=0.000223mol No. of mole of I2 that reacted with ascorbic acid = 0.006-0.0005 = 0.0055 Mass of ascorbic acid = 176Ãâ€"0.0055= 0.92g =920mg CONCLUSION The experiment was successfully carried out and the results were encouraging. The analysis of the vitamin c content of the Cenovis tablet was carried out using titration. The vitamin c tablet was crushed into a conical flask and specific amounts of KI and KIO3 were added. The solution was then titrated with standard thiosulphate solution until the required color was derived. The results were recorded and calculations to determine the amount of ascorbic acid in each tablet was also successfully done. However the results  from the experiment showed different values from the manufacturer’s specifications. The manufacturer (Cenovis) claims that each vitamin c tablet contains 1000mg of ascorbic acid while this experiment shows otherwise. After calculations were done, the experiment found each vitamin c tablet to be containing about 920mg of ascorbic acid which is below the manufacturer’s specification. However this error could be as a result of different factors; 1. The ma nufacturer of the tablet made wrong analysis of the tablet. 2. This experiment contained errors which arose from wrong reading of instruments, wrong calibration of instruments, or errors in uncertainty. Works Cited Gerrior, S., & Zizza, C. (1994). Nutrient content of the U.S food supply, 1909-1990. Washington D.C: U.S department of Agriculture. Mcevoy, G. (1993). Drug information the american hospital formulary service. American society of health-system pharmacist. Pauling, l. (1970). vitamin c and the common cold. studymode.js. (2010). commercial vitamin c tablet analysis. Retrieved from studymode: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Commercial-Vitamin-c-Tablets-Analysis-470526.html